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Trip report E.W.Dijkstra, Newcastle-London-Lancaster, 4 - 13 Sep. 1978. It was an eight-day visit with a well-filled program. From Tuesday through Friday I attended the 11th "Joint International Seminar on the Teaching of Computer Science", held at and organized by the Computing Laboratory of the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (and sponsored by IBM), on Saturday and Sunday I had in London meetings with R.D.Merrell, now one of the vice-presidents of Burroughs Corporation, on Monday --still in London-- I met Roger A.Farrand of Academic Press and traveled by train to Lancaster where I gave on Tuesday one of the invited speeches at the Annual Colloquium of the IUCC (Inter Universities Computing Committee), and the next day I traveled back, so as to be able to receive Professor Andrei P.Ershov who, for a few days, would be our guest in Nuenen. Because the air connection between Eindhoven and Amsterdam is only operational on weekdays and this was one of the rare trips on which I did not depart during the weekend, I flew from Eindhoven to Schiphol. It was a bad connection in the sense that I had four hours to change flights. I did not mind, as I had a lot of writing to do. What I did. (Regretfully this absorbed me to such an extent that the bottle of tax-free sherry I had bought for my Newcastle host got lost somewhere on the airport. Absentminded professors shouldn't be allowed to travel alone! When I discovered my loss I felt like "an unattended major".....) I arrived well in time for the "At Home", organized by Professor and Mrs. Brian Randell, where I renewed many an old acquaintance and made a few new ones (amongst others with Dr.J.van Leeuwen, who is now already for a number of years at the University of Utrecht). At the end of the evening I lent my by now traditional assistance to the washing up. (I had again the privilege of staying in "Hotel Randell".) The programs of these seminars always keep you almost fully occupied. The professional part of the day extends from 9.15 to 17.30. On Tuesday evening we had the Sherry Reception at the University (17.45 - 18.45), on Wednesday evening a dinner with folk dancing (19.45 - 22.45), and on Thursday evening the Closing Dinner (19.15 - 22.30). The last dinner taught us that it is possible to sleep well after a good dinner, after we had learned the night before that it is also possible to do so after a very bad one. A very peaceful and pleasant meal with Brian Randell, Jim Eve and their wives --just the five of us-- on Tuesday evening was a relief that was most welcome: that day I had given a one-hour performance, and the next day I was scheduled for two hours in succession. The theme of this year's seminar was "Distributed Computer Systems". As the mathematical tools needed for their mastery are not yet common intellectual property and the combination of their existence and relevance should influence our "Teaching of Computer Science", I had very much to do in these three hours. From a full semester's course I had selected what seemed two representative highlights. The one-hour lecture on the first day was very well timed, in the two-hour lecture on the next day I needed for the presentation five minutes more than planned; consequently, the time left for the discussion was too short, and that evening I was very dissatisfied with myself. Needlessly so, I am happy to add, for during the two slots devoted to "General Discussion" on the next days I learned that my message had come through very clearly indeed: it had taken the audience some time to absorb it. By pure coincidence --i.e. by being drawn into a conversation-- I missed both lectures by Dr.R.M.Needham from the University of Cambridge --all others I attended--. I regret having missed them, for later I heard that they had been instructive, something I could not say of all of the others. I found the three lectures given by Professor K.Nygaard of the Norwegian Computing Centre, Oslo, the most remarkable. Nygaard struck me as a gentleman whose knowledge, intelligence, and honesty were beyond all doubts, yet his presentation utterly failed to convince me. He described his involvement on the borderline between computing science and technology on the one hand and the Scandinavian "labour movement" on the other, involvements that were largely concerned with the mutual educational obligations. My unfamiliarity with Scandinavian industrial relations was, of course, one barrier on my way towards full appreciation of what he tried; I also found myself a little distressed by the observation that Nygaard seemed to have forgotten that once he has been trained as a mathematician. Not only was the way in which he talked about "the surrounding reality" confusing, as a mathematician he should have remembered that it is also superfluous. My barrier was perhaps that I know only too well that one's perception of "the real world" is only one's own invention, and I have learned to interpret one's talking about "the real world" as an invitation not to challenge his tacit assumptions. A nice gentleman! We usually lunched at the same little table and eventually agreed to differ. Dr.P.Merlin of the Technion, Haifa, gave a survey lecture "Modelling and Validation of Communication Protocols", which I found instructive. He mentioned a problem worth thinking about --and I think I know how to think about it--. He made quite clear in my mind what until that moment I had suspected only vaguely, viz. that communication protocols are best understood as only one aspect of distributed algorithms and that the latter are the real topic. Mrs.G.Ringland devoted two hours to a political issue of typical British interest: "The Science Research Council's Co-ordinated Research Programme in Distributed Computing.". Because I knew little of that aspect of the policy of the SRC, I listened to her not without interest --not without irritation either: her mentioning that they had got something "all screwed up"..., well, I know what it means, but would never use the expression in a public address and her using it struck me as feministic overcompensation--. I suspect that the equipment she referred to as "research vehicles" will more often act as a burden than as an aid (for only too often "driving the research vehicle" takes the place of thinking and choosing well). She spoke more as a (technical) organizer --probably a very good one-- than as a scientist. Professor E.J.Neuhold, Universität Stuttgart, gave a one-hour lecture on "Data Distribution on Distributed Data Base Systems". If I remember correctly he had just spent a sabbatical year at IBM, San Jose. He seemed to have adopted the fashionable data base jargon rather uncritically --the "different views of data" etc.--. The major part of his talk was devoted to a --clear!-- description of unsolved problems, but it wouldn't amaze me if they could be shown to unsolvable as well. Dr.W.Davies of the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, gave a clear talk under the title "The Use of Cryptography in Networks". I don't know the audience well enough to decide whether the talk was appropriate: if it was, the British professors of computer science, who constituted the audience, must have attained a remarkable level of ignorance. I wouldn't dare to devote almost half of my lecture to the Rivest method which has been published in full in the Communications of the ACM! One would like to think that the method had attracted enough attention not to have remained unnoticed. But perhaps it was appropriate: British scientists have a long tradition of insularity and, lately, they seem no longer to communicate with each other either. (Ad 1: In Lancaster I asked a speaker whether he could relate in a sentence or two his work to that of Pat Goldberg, because she seemed to do the same thing as he. I got a very unsatisfactory answer; later I learned that he was unaware of her --well published-- efforts. Ad 2: A major benefit of the SRC's "Co-ordination" was, according to Mrs.Ringland, the increased awareness of what one's countrymen were doing; because the SRC's funding included travel budgets it now happened that a guy from this university would actually pay a visit to that one! I was flabbergasted!) Are the older British professors of computer science fully absorbed by the thankless task of managing their departments with dwindling budgets, or cannot they keep up because an original background in numerical analysis or electrical engineering is not the most appropriate one? Similar doubts were raised by the first two talks of Dr.R.E.Miller, IBM, Yorktown Heights, on Graph Theoretic and Schemata Models for Parallel Computation: a nice and clear presentation, but of efforts that were almost ten years old. The fact that along those lines he could mention no significant progress since 1970 confirmed my impression that most of these approaches have shown not to be very fruitful. Again the audience was supposed to have hardly heard of Petri Nets and Vector Addition Systems. His last talk was on more recent efforts at formalization, but I was not impressed: I found the formalizations cumbersome and the results trivial. It was not the kind of mathematics I like, which is a subtle balance between formal techniques (where needed) and common sense (where sufficient). The three lectures by Professor J.C.R.Licklider, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., I positively disliked. He began in a way that I also have sometimes found useful, i.e. by presenting his credentials, but misjudged his audience: he did it at such a length that it became almost painful and did it exclusively in terms of "experience", presumably not knowing that at this side of the Atlantic Ocean "experience" is less highly rated than at his side. The (in our scale) more vital information that professionally he had been trained as a psychologist was omitted. The major thrust of his message was that computing science practice was not technology alone, but was always intertwined with and constrained by the political, cultural and social aspects etc. of the environment. This is true, and no harm is done by reminding students of this state of affairs. Making reservations about the relevance of science and technology is fully in order; it should, however, not be done by a psychologist, but by an unchallenged expert of the scientific or technological field the relative significant of which is questioned. The remark:
derives its weight from the scientific competence of Sir Hermann Bondi, who made it. But even after accepting that we were addressed by a soft-scientist --after all: that was not his fault but the fault of the organizers-- I remained very doubtful. It was not only that he never referred to "people", but always to "human beings" instead, it was also that he used one slide demonstrating the significance of "policies" as a justification for embarking on "politics" as if the two words meant the same thing! I was vigorously reminded of:
He then embarked on a very parochial enumeration of which of the twelve Washington (!) offices and agencies had to be courted in which stages of a federally sponsored computing project in the USA. In a way it was very instructive; even distressingly so. * * Early Friday evening I flew to London in order to meet R.D.Merrell at the Sheraton Heathrow. It turned out that I could have stayed another night in Newcastle, as I went under the misapprehension that Merrell would arrive on Friday the 8th September; a short telephone call to his office --when he had not arrived and had no room reservation for that night either-- taught me that he would leave Detroit on that evening. We met the next day at 14.15. The Sheraton Heathrow is not a hotel that I can recommend: the presence of a TV set in your room implies that there is also one in the room next to yours, and that one is more likely to be switched on than yours. And all the money spent on external sound isolation has been saved on the internal one. Despite these disturbances I managed to do a lot of writing. Both weekend days I talked for a couple of hours with Merrell. (On Sunday less than we had expected: his departure to Brussels was at 15:00 and not, as suggested before, at 5 p.m.: the usual mistake!) I very much appreciated the opportunity as several previous attempts to meet each other had been aborted; I think that, on both sides, the hours we were together were very well spent. I was again very much pleased with the rapidity with which we could go down to essentials. After he had left, I went to my room and wrote the rest of the day. * * On Sunday evening I had arranged that I would meet Roger A.Farrand of Academic Press the next day at 12.30 at the exit of the Camden Town Underground Station. Having planned to use the 11 o'clock courtesy coach to the city I felt very much at ease, and went to bed with the intention of having the next morning a good bath and a leisurely breakfast. Nothing of the sort! I was clearly more tired than I thought, for, left at my own devices, I woke up at 10.15: no bath, only the shadow of a breakfast, packing, checking out, and just in time for the 11 o'clock bus, that was to deliver me one hour later at the Haymarket near Piccadilly Circus. The trip was terrible: the hotel courtesy implied exposure to BBC2 and, in addition, we got stuck in a traffic jam. Once I was in the Underground my traveling again proceeded at the predictable rate: but I could not avoid arriving ten minutes late at my appointment, a lack of courtesy about which I was very annoyed. For me the meeting comprised two "firsts": a lunch in a Greek restaurant and being offered a lunch by one of my publishers. Both experiences were very pleasant. We conducted business, at 15.00 I was on my way from Euston Station to Lancaster in a modern British train which was very good. My co-passengers in the compartment kept their mouths shut and I used the trip to prepare carefully my next day's performance. I arrived at Lancaster University at 18.45, just in time to check in before dinner. * * The IUCC Annual Colloquium had attracted about 225 participants. Some of them were old hands and still remembered how I had addressed the IUCC some five years ago, but the majority of the attendants were young. (The next day I learned that not only my ageing eyes found the names on our typewritten badges a little bit hard to decipher. I had skipped the last lecture preceding my own and sat outside the lecture hall, thinking and preparing. A young man opened the conversation "Do you know whether Dijkstra has arrived? There is a rumour that he did not show up." I could reassure him "Oh yes, he has arrived: I saw him yesterday evening.") Neither in the dormitory where I was housed, nor in Lancaster University's social quarters I felt at ease. The new campus seemed to be geared to a form of University life that I hardly recognized as such: in the large Common Room about 90 low chairs were placed, but.... in eight rows facing a large TV set! And my room was really only a bedroom: I don't object to austerity for a study, but some minimal demands with respect to heating, furniture, and illumination are not unreasonable. I could only conclude that it wasn't meant to be used as a study; while in Lancaster I haven't written a single word. My lecture went very smoothly. Because I expected to address a very mixed audience I had taken no risks: I showed the formal development of two programs, but for the sake of those who had seen me doing so before, I had chosen two very unusual examples. I was a little bit ashamed of my lack of courage to do something spectacular or to show something brand-new, and of the fact that I had showed instead a technique that should have become a standard curriculum component quite a few years ago. Professor Cole from St. Andrews, who had heard me in Newcastle, expressed later his regret that I had not repeated the first lecture I had given there. But what do you do? The next morning I was thanked by a lecturer who, while explaining a program on the previous evening, had applied the methods I had shown him that very morning. He wanted to thank me because now he felt that, for the first time in his life, he had been able to explain that program satisfactorily; he even mentioned that on that evening the program had emerged in a much nicer form than usual. So I can only conclude that, even if the gospel is by now a few years old, it is still worth preaching! I had intended to stay for the whole colloquium, for from Canterbury, about five years ago, I remembered that the informal discussions at dinner and in the evenings had been at least as contributing as my scheduled lecture, but shortly before I left the Netherlands I decided that I should return home as quickly as possible, when I heard that Professor Andrei P.Ershov from Novosibirsk would be in the Netherlands and had expressed his wish to visit me. The atmosphere at Lancaster was so different from the the one I remembered from Canterbury that I regretted my early departure less than I had feared. On Wednesday morning my host, J.A.Llewellyn, took me by car to the Preston railway station. Waiting on the platform for my train to Manchester I saw a local train arriving and disgorging its passengers: the exposure to such a cross section of the English population was a bit depressing, and somewhat sadly I traveled to Manchester where I took a --surprisingly expensive!-- taxi to the Airport. The KLM plane to Amsterdam was dead on time. Llewellyn had wished me "A good journey and no strikes!" When I entered the airport I saw a big notice on which its authorities apologized for any inconveniences caused by "an industrial relations problem" and for a moment my heart sank... But there was no delay involved, only over a certain distance I had to carry my luggage myself. At Schiphol Airport luggage handling was very fast, and I was met by Ershov and Dr. Martin Rem, who had been so kind to collect us in Amsterdam. At 18.45 he delivered us in Nuenen, where Ershov stayed until Saturday morning, when we drove him back to the Airport. Those two days were well-spent, I was glad to get the opportunity of returning to him the hospitality he had given to C.A.R.Hoare and me two years ago. 21 September 1978
transcribed by Tristram Brelstaff revised |
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