Definitions

Addressing - Scheme used to identify a computer on the network

Broadcast - A method of delivering a packet to every host on a particular network, which can be implemented through hardware or software.

Checksum - used to detect errors in a packet and may also be used to verify that the packet has been delivered to the correct host.

Congestion - a state in the network when too many packets are present and performance degrades

Congestion control - Network management strategy whose goal is to alleviate or avoid congestion.

Connection - A channel that is established before use. Networks typically provide either connection-oriented or connectionless connections.

Demultiplexing - Using information contained in a packet header to direct it upward through a protocol stack.

Error Control - ensure that corrupted or lost data is re-transmitted or disregard

Error Detection - detecting corrupted or lost data during the transmission over the network

Flow control – a mechanism in which the receiver of the data changes the transmission rate of the sender so data will not arrive too quickly to process

Fragmentation – A method for breaking up messages into smaller transmittable units by the sending node

Multicasting - sending packets to a subset of the machines on the network

Multiplexing – ⁽¹⁾ gathering data from different processes and encapsulating each piece of data with a header; ⁽²⁾ combining distinct channels into a single, lower-level channel

Reassembly – A method of putting fragmented packets back into larger unit by the receiving node

Routing - determining a good path from source to destinations

---

Hardware

1. Transmission Media

• Twisted Pair
• Baseband Coaxial Cable
• Broadband Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optics

1. Host/Interface Machine
2. Intermediate Machines

• Nodes
• Routers
• IMPS

Taxonomy

1. Framing
2. Error Control

• Timeout
• Ack/Nack Flow Control
• Throttle [feedback mechanism]

3. Error Detection

• Error-detecting code ~ checksum

4. Error Correction

• Forward Correction

1. Error-correcting code - Hamming code ~ correct single errors

• Backward correction

5. Flow Control

6. Protocols

• Unrestricted Simplex Protocol
• Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol
• Simplex protocol for a Noisy Channel
• Sliding window protocol
• One bit sliding window protocol
• Go Back n Protocol
• Selective Repeat Protocol
• SLIP (used by the internet)
• PPP (used by the internet)

7. Connection type:

• Virtual circuits - connection
• Datagram - connectionless
• Full-duplex/half-duplex

8. Routing Algorithms

• Non-adaptive Routing (static routing)
• shortest path routing
• flooding/selective flooding
• Flow based Routing
• Adaptive Routing
• Distance Vector routing (Bellman Ford) [Used by ARPANet]
• Link State [used by ARPANet & Replaced Distance Vector]
• interior gateway protocol - Open short path first (OSPF)
• exterior gateway protocol - Border Gate Way Protocol (BGP)
• Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR)

9. Broadcasting/Multicast

• Multidestination routing
• Reverse Path Forwarding

10. Congestion Control

• Traffic shaping
• Leaky bucket algorithm
• token bucket algorithm
• flow specification
• admission control
• choke packets
• weighted fair queuing
• hop-by-hop choke packet
• Load shedding
• Jitter control
• Resource reSerVation Protocol [RSVP] - used for multicasting congestion control

11. Fragmentation/Reassembly
12. Security
13. Addressing

• flat address space
• hierarchical address space

14. Buffering
15. Multiplexing
16. Crash recovery

Applications

1. Network Security

• Cryptography

2. Domain name server
3. Simple Network Management Protocol [SNMP]
4. Email