| Comp Name | Description | see also |
| Amoeboid-Cell-Locomotion | The finger-like locomotion of a cell caused by the projection and retraction of internal actin filaments. Souther. | Cell Actin-Filament Group |
| Cell-Locomotion | The locomotion of a cell, usually accomplished internally using Actin-Filament or externally using flagella or cilia. Souther. | Cell Actin-Filament Group Protein-Filament |
| Ensemble | A collection of distinct structures which function together to carry out some task, as the respiratory enzyme complex on mitochondrial membranes. Souther. | |
| Genome | The total genetic information carried by a cell or an organism (or the DNA-Molecule that carry this information. Alberts:ECB:G-8. | DNA-Molecule Gene |
| Group | A collection of identical or functionally identical molecules which act together to perform some functional or structural role. Souther. | Centriole Enzyme-Complex Histone-Complex |
| Centriole | Short cylindrical array of microtubules, usually found (in animal cells in a paired arrangement at the center of a centrosome. Similar structures are found at the base of cilia and flagella, where they are called basal bodies. Alberts:ECB:G-4 | Mitosis Microtubule Group Protein-Complex |
| UAG | A codon in mRNA which signals the termination point for translation of a polypeptide. Souther. | Ribonucleotide UMP Protein-Stop-Codon GMP AMP |
| Enzyme-Complex | A group of enzymes which act together to provide structure or perform some function. Examples are ATP synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation enzymes. Souther. | Enzyme ATP-Synthase Group ATP Protein-Complex |
| ATP-Synthase | Membrane-associated enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis. Found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria. Alberts:ECB:G-2. | ATP-Synthesis Enzyme-Complex ATP Oxidative-Phosphorylation Catalyst Membrane |
| Histone-Complex | A group of basic proteins, rich in arginine and lysine, that are associated with DNA in chromosomes. Alberts:ECB:G-9. | Histone Group Protein-Complex |
| Pool | A collection of identical or functionally identical molecules in a compartment of a cell. | |
| Actin-Filament | Protein filament, about 7nm thick, formed from a chain of globular Actin-Molecule. A major constituent of the cytoskeleton of all Eucaryotic-Cell and especially abundant in muscle cells. Alberts:ECB:G-1. | Protein Actin-Molecule Eucaryotic-Cell Amoeboid-Cell-Locomotion Protein-Filament |
| Chemical-Sequence | A sequence of monomers that form a chain, e.g. polymers. Souther:2001 | Amino-Acid-Sequence Dinucleotide Nucleotide-Sequence Chemical-Object Monomer Chemical-Information-Sequence |
| Amino-Acid-Sequence | A chain of amino-acids linked by Peptide-Bond. Souther. | Carboxyl-Terminus Amino-Terminus Amino-Acid Peptide-Bond Chemical-Sequence Information-Sequence Polypeptide |
| Polypeptide | Linear polymer composed of multiple Amino-Acid. Proteins are large polypeptides. Alberts:ECB:G-14. | Amino-Acid-Sequence Macromolecule Protein Amino-Acid Protein-Domain |
| Protein | Linear polymer of Amino-Acid linked together in a specific sequence by Peptide-Bond. Alberts:ECB-G-15. | Allosteric-Protein Amino-Acid Cytoplasmic-Protein Globular-Protein Ribosomal-Protein Protein-Domain Structural-Protein Enzyme Fibrous-Protein Ubiquinated-Protein Nascent-Protein Peptide-Bond Regulatory-Protein Secreted-Protein Polypeptide |
| Allosteric-Protein | Protein that exists in two or more conformations depending on the binding of a molecule (a ligand) at a regulatory site. Allosteric-Protein composed of multiple subunits often display a cooperative response to ligand binding. Modified from Alberts:ECB:G-1. | Regulatory-Site Protein Binding-Site Allosteric-Enzyme |
| Allosteric-Enzyme | Enzyme that exists in two or more conformations depending on the binding of a molecule [a ligand] at a site other than the catalytic site. Allosteric-Enzyme composed of multiple subunits often display a cooperative response to ligand binding. Alberts:ECB:G-1. | Allosteric-Protein Enzyme Regulatory-Site Active-Site |
| Cytoplasmic-Protein | A protein located in the cytoplasm of the cell. Souther. | Protein Cytoplasm |
| Enzyme | A protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction. Alberts:ECB:G-7. | Addition-Enzyme Protein Enzyme-Catalysis Ligase Catalyst Peptidyl-Transferase Catabolic-Enzyme Ubiquitin-Binding-Enzyme Transfer-Enzyme Ribosomal-Peptidyl-Transferase Removal-Enzyme DNA-Helicase Synthase |
| Addition-Enzyme | Enzyme that adds a group to an atom or molecule. Souther. | Enzyme Chemical-Group Atom Add-Enzymatic Kinase Catalyst Molecule |
| Kinase | Enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP (or from another nucleoside triphosphate) onto another molecule. Alberts:ECB:G-10. | Enzyme Protein-Kinase Addition-Enzyme Phosphorylation ATP Catalyst |
| UGA | A codon in mRNA which signals the termination point for translation of a polypeptide. Souther. | Ribonucleotide UMP Protein-Stop-Codon GMP AMP |
| Protein-Kinase | Enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to a specific amino acid of a target protein. Cells contain hundreds of different Protein-Kinase, phosphorylating different sets of target proteins. Alberts:ECB:G-15. | Enzyme Protein Kinase Phosphorylation ATP Catalyst |
| Catabolic-Enzyme | An enzyme involved in the breakdown of large molecules into smaller accompanied by the release of energy. Souther (see Alberts:ECB:G-3 on catabolic). | Nuclease Enzyme Protease Catalyst Lipase Catabolize |
| Lipase | Enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of fatty acids from from the glycerol moiety. Alberts:MBC:G-14. | Enzyme Lipolysis Catalyst Catabolic-Enzyme |
| Nuclease | Enzyme that cleaves Nucleic-Acid. Matthews:BC:1157 | Enzyme Nucleic-Acid-Degradation Nucleic-Acid DNA-Mismatch-Repair-Protein Ribonuclease Deoxyribonuclease Catalyst Catabolic-Enzyme |
| Deoxyribonuclease | Enzyme that cleaves DNA. Souther. | Nuclease Enzyme DNA-Repair Catalyst |
| DNA-Mismatch-Repair-Protein | Enzyme that helps repair mismatches in DNA Base-Pair by removing a sequence which includes the mismatched pairs. Souther. see Alberts:ECB:200-201. | Nuclease Enzyme Base-Pair Catalyst DNA-Mismatch-Repair |
| Ribonuclease | Enzyme that cleaves RNA. Souther. | Nuclease Enzyme RNA Ribonucleic-Acid-Degradation Catalyst |
| Protease | Enzyme such as trypsin that degrades proteins by hydrolyzing some of their Peptide-Bond. Alberts:ECB:G-15. | Enzyme Peptide-Bond Catalyst Proteolysis Catabolic-Enzyme |
| DNA-Helicase | An enzyme that catalyzes the separation of strands in a DNA molecule before replication. Lehninger:PBC:G-6 | Enzyme DNA-Replication DNA-Regulatory-Protein Catalyst |
| Ligase | Enzyme that joins two segments of DNA or RNA together end to end. Alberts:ECB:G-10. | Enzyme RNA DNA-Ligase Catalyst Ligation |
| DNA-Ligase | An enzyme that appends nucleotides onto the growing DNA chain during chain elongation or joins two Nucleotide-Sequence together during repair of strand breaks. Souther. see Alberts:ECB:G-10. | Nucleotide-Sequence Ligase Catalyst DNA-Ligation |
| Peptidyl-Transferase | A protein that catalyzes the transfer of a peptide group from one molecule to another, e.g. ribosomal peptidyl transferase. | Enzyme Catalyst Transfer-Enzymatic |
| Removal-Enzyme | Enzyme that removes a group from a molecule. Examples are phosphatases and deaminases. Souther. | Phosphatase Enzyme Deaminase |
| Deaminase | Enzyme that removes an amino group from a molecule. Souther. | Enzyme Deamination Removal-Enzyme Catalyst |
| Phosphatase | Enzyme that removes a phosphate group from a molecule. see Alberts:ECB:G-15 for proteins. | Enzyme Removal-Enzyme Dephosphorylation Catalyst Protein-Phosphatase |
| Protein-Phosphatase | Enzyme that removes a phosphate group by hydrolysis from a protein, usually with high specificity. Alberts:ECB:G-15. | Phosphatase Enzyme Protein Dephosphorylation Catalyst |
| Ribosomal-Peptidyl-Transferase | The enyzme that catalyzes the transfer of the growing polypeptide chain to the amino acid on the newly docked tRNA during protein synthesis. The enzyme is part of the ribosomal nuceloprotein complex. Souther. | Enzyme |
| Synthase | An enzyme involved in the synthesis of large molecules from smaller which requires the input of energy. Souther (see Alberts:ECB:G-2 on anabolic). | Enzyme Biosynthesize Amino-Acyl-TRNA-Synthetase Polymerase Catalyst |
| Amino-Acyl-TRNA-Synthetase | An enzyme that adds one of the amino acids to the end of the appropriate tRNA molecule before the tRNA binds to the ribosome during mRNA translation. Souther. | Catalyst TRNA-Charging Synthase |
| Polymerase | General term for an enzyme that catalyzes addition of subunits to a polymer. DNA polymerase, for example, makes DNA, while RNA polymerase makes RNA. Alberts:ECB:G-14. | DNA-Polymerase-Replication Polymerize DNA-Polymerase Primase RNA Catalyst RNA-Polymerase Synthase |
| DNA-Polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis or repair of a DNA molecule from nucleoside triphosphate precursors using a DNA template. Souther. see Alberts: ECB:G-16. | Enzyme DNA-Polymerase-Repair Polymerase DNA-Synthesis Procaryotic-DNA-Polymerase Catalyst Eucaryotic-DNA-Polymerase |
| DNA-Polymerase-Repair | Enzyme that catalyzes the repair of a DNA molecule either because of damage or because of wrong base incorporation. Also used to replace the RNA primer during DNA replication. Souther. see Alberts:ECB:196. | Enzyme DNA-Polymerase RNA DNA-Repair Catalyst |
| Eucaryotic-DNA-Polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis or repair of a DNA molecule from nucleoside triphosphate precursors using a DNA template in eucaryotes. Souther. see Alberts: ECB:G-16. | Enzyme DNA-Polymerase |
| Procaryotic-DNA-Polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis or repair of a DNA molecule from nucleoside triphosphate precursors using a DNA template in procaryotes. Souther. see Alberts: ECB:G-16. | Enzyme DNA-Polymerase |
| DNA-Polymerase-Replication | Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA molecule on a DNA template from nucleoside triphosphate precursors. Alberts: ECB:G-16. | Enzyme Polymerase DNA-Replication Catalyst |
| Primase | An RNA polymerase that makes the short RNA primer needed to initiate DNA chain elongation during DNA replication. see Alberts:ECB:195. | Polymerase RNA DNA-Replication Catalyst |
| RNA-Polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA molecule on a DNA template from nucleoside triphosphate precursors (Alberts: ECB:G-16). | Enzyme DNA-Transcription Polymerase RNA Bacterial-RNA-Polymerase Eucaryotic-RNA-Polymerase Catalyst |
| Bacterial-RNA-Polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA molecule on a DNA template from nucleoside triphosphate precursors in bacteria. (modified from Alberts: ECB:G-16). | Enzyme RNA Catalyst Sigma-Factor RNA-Polymerase |
| Eucaryotic-RNA-Polymerase | The RNA polymerase which carries out transcription in in eucaryotic organisms. | RNA RNA-Polymerase |
| Transfer-Enzyme | A protein that catalyzes the transfer of a group from one molecule to another, e.g. oxido-reductases. Souther. | Oxido-Reductase Enzyme Catalyst Transfer-Enzymatic |
| Oxido-Reductase | General name for an enzyme that catalyzes reactions in which one molecule is oxidized and the other is reduced. Enzymes of this type are often called oxidases, reductases, and dehydrogenases. Alberts:ECB:168. | Transfer-Enzyme Oxidase Catalyst Oxido-Reduction-Reaction |
| Oxidase | Enzyme that catalyzes oxidation reactions in which in which molecular oxygen serves as the electron acceptor, but neither of the Oxygen-Atom is incorporated into the product. Lehninger:PBC:G-9. | Oxido-Reductase Enzyme Oxygen-Atom Peroxidase Catalyst Oxidation |
| Peroxidase | Enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of peroxidase. see Lehninger:PBC:G-10. | Enzyme Peroxide Oxidase Catalyst Oxidation |
| Ubiquitin-Binding-Enzyme | Specialized enzyme that tags a protein to be degraded with Ubiquitin. Souther. | Enzyme Ubiquitin |
| Fibrous-Protein | A protein with an elongated shape; typically one such as collagen or intermediate filament protein that is able to associate into long filamentous structures. Alberts:ECB:G-8. | Protein Collagen |
| Collagen | A fibrous protein rich in glycine and proline that is a major component of the extracellular matrix in animal tissues. Exists in many forms: type I, the most common, is found in skin, tendon, and bone; type II is found in cartilage; type IV is present in basal laminae. Alberts:ECB:G-5. | Fibrous-Protein |
| Globular-Protein | Any protein with an approximately rounded shape. Most enzymes are globular. Alberts:ECB:G-8. | Protein |
| Nascent-Protein | A newly synthesized protein before any modifications. Souther. | Amino-Terminus Methionine Protein |
| Regulatory-Protein | A protein whose role is to affect the activity of DNA, RNA, or proteins or other cell constituents. Souther. | Protein RNA Protein-Regulatory-Protein RNA-Regulatory-Protein DNA-Regulatory-Protein |
| DNA-Regulatory-Protein | A protein that regulates DNA replication or gene expression. Souther. | Single-Strand-Binding-Protein Histone Protein-Sliding-Clamp DNA-Gyrase Regulatory-Protein DNA-Helicase |
| DNA-Gyrase | A protein which binds to DNA and relieves torsional strain generated by DNA unwinding during replication. see Lehninger:PBC:943 | DNA-Replication DNA-Regulatory-Protein Catalyst |
| Histone | One of a group of basic proteins, rich in arginine and lysine, that are associated with DNA in chromosomes. Alberts:ECB:G-9. | DNA-Regulatory-Protein |
| Protein-Sliding-Clamp | A protein which encircles the DNA strand and holds the DNA polymerase in place during replication. Alberts:ECB:197. | DNA-Polymerase Replication-Fork DNA-Replication DNA-Regulatory-Protein |
| Single-Strand-Binding-Protein | A protein which binds to single-stranded DNA during DNA replication to prevent it from reforming the double helix Alberts:ECB:197. | DNA-Sequence DNA-Regulatory-Protein DNA-Template |
| Protein-Regulatory-Protein | A protein which regulates the activity of other proteins, usually by directly attaching to them. Souther. | Ubiquitin Protein-Chaperone Regulatory-Protein |
| Protein-Chaperone | A protein which assists in the folding or the membrane transport of another protein. Souther. | Protein-Regulatory-Protein |
| Ubiquitin | A protein which attaches to other proteins and marks them for degradation by proteasomes. Souther. | Protein-Regulatory-Protein |
| RNA-Regulatory-Protein | A protein which regulates mRNA processing or translation. Souther. | Translation-Initiation-Factor Ribosome-Release-Factor Regulatory-Protein |
| Ribosome-Release-Factor | A protein which participates in the release of the ribosome from the mRNA at the end of translation. Souther. | RNA-Regulatory-Protein |
| Translation-Initiation-Factor | A protein involved in the initiation of translation of mRNA into protein. Souther. | RNA-Regulatory-Protein |
| Ribosomal-Protein | A protein that is part of the ribosome. There are 50 or more distinct proteins associated with ribosomal RNA in the ribosome. Souther. | Protein RNA Procaryotic-Ribosomal-Protein |
| Procaryotic-Ribosomal-Protein | A protein that is part of the procaryotic ribosome. There are 50 or more distinct proteins associated with ribosomal RNA in the ribosome. Souther. | RNA Ribosomal-Protein |
| Secreted-Protein | A protein that is secreted from the cell. Souther. | Protein |
| Structural-Protein | A protein that provides structure to the cell, such as the proteins forming the cytoskeleton or the nuclear lamina. Souther | Protein Actin-Molecule Tubulin-Molecule |
| Actin-Molecule | A globular protein that polymerizes into actin filaments. see Alberts:ECB:G-1. | Polymerize Actin-Filament Globular-Protein Structural-Protein |
| Tubulin-Molecule | A globular protein that polymerizes into microtubules. Alberts:ECB:G-18. | Structural-Protein |
| Ubiquinated-Protein | Protein which has been tagged with ubiquitin, which marks it for degradation by proteasomes. Souther. | Protein Ubiquitin |
| Protein-Domain | Compact and stably folded region of polypeptide. Alberts:ECB:G-6. | Protein Polypeptide |
| Chemical-Information-Sequence | A sequence which encodes information. Biological examples are DNA, RNA, and the amino acid sequence of proteins (which determines folding). Souther. | RNA Chemical-Object Chemical-Sequence Information-Sequence |
| Dinucleotide | A sequence of two nucleotides. Larger sequences (3-50) are termed oligonucleotides. Souther | 5-Prime-Nucleotide Phosphodiester-Bond Nucleoside-Triphosphate Carbon-Atom Chemical-Sequence Pentose 3-Prime-Nucleotide |
| Nucleotide-Sequence | A sequence of nucleotides which forms a nucleotide polymer. Souther:2001 | Polynucleotide Free-Nucleotide-Sequence RNA-Noncoding-Sequence Regulatory-Sequence Oligonucleotide 3-Prime-Nucleotide RNA-Sequence 5-Prime-Nucleotide DNA-Sequence Coding-Sequence Ribosome-Binding-Site Nucleotide Chemical-Sequence Internal-Nucleotide-Sequence |
| Coding-Sequence | A DNA or RNA sequence which contains genetic information, encoded in nucleotide triplets, termed codons. Souther. | RNA-Coding-Sequence RNA DNA-Coding-Sequence Nucleotide-Sequence Codon Information-Sequence DNA-Gene-Coding-Sequence |
| Codon | Sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or mRNA that represents the instruction for incorporation of a specific amino acid into a polypeptide chain. Alberts:ECB:G-5. | Protein-Initiator-Codon RNA-Codon Coding-Sequence DNA-Codon Nucleotide RNA-Anticodon |
| DNA-Codon | Sequence of three nucleotides in a DNA molecule that represents the instruction for incorporation of a specific amino acid into a polypeptide chain. cf Alberts:ECB:G-5 (codon). | Deoxyribonucleotide DNA-Coding-Sequence Codon |
| Protein-Initiator-Codon | The start codon for translation of mRNA into protein. Sequence is AUG. Souther. | Ribonucleotide RNA-Regulatory-Sequence UMP Codon GMP AMP |
| RNA-Anticodon | Sequence of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to the three nucleotide codon on a messenger RNA molecule; the anti-codon is matched to a specific amino acid covalently attached to the transfer RNA molecule. Alberts:ECB:G-2. | RNA Codon Nucleotide |
| RNA-Codon | Sequence of three nucleotides in a RNA molecule that represents the instruction for incorporation of a specific amino acid into a polypeptide chain. cf Alberts:ECB:G-5 (codon). | Ribonucleotide RNA Amino-Acid Codon Protein-Stop-Codon Gene-Expression |
| Protein-Stop-Codon | A codon in mRNA which signals the termination point for translation of a polypeptide. Souther. | RNA-Codon RNA-Regulatory-Sequence GCA-Codon UUA UAG UGA |
| GCA-Codon | A codon in mRNA which signals the termination point for translation of a polypeptide. Souther. | Protein-Stop-Codon |
| UUA | A codon in mRNA which signals the termination point for translation of a polypeptide. Souther. | Ribonucleotide UMP Protein-Stop-Codon AMP |
| DNA-Coding-Sequence | A region of the DNA which codes for all or part of a protein or RNA. It may include noncoding regions, as for example in Eucaryotic-Gene which include Regulatory-Sequence. Souther. | RNA Cistron DNA-Codon Internal-DNA-Sequence Eucaryotic-Gene Regulatory-Sequence DNA-Sequence Exon Coding-Sequence 3-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide Transcription-Unit 5-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide Gene |
| Cistron | The smallest unit of DNA that must be intact to code for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide; thus, the coding part of a gene, minus 5' and 3' untranslated sequences and regulatory elements. Matthews:BC:1150. | DNA-Coding-Sequence DNA-Codon |
| Exon | Segment of a eucaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA and codes for the amino acid sequence of part of a protein. Alberts:ECB:G-7. | RNA DNA-Coding-Sequence Eucaryotic-Gene |
| Gene | Region of DNA that controls a discrete hereditary characteristic of an organism, usually corresponding to a single protein or RNA. Alberts:ECB:G8. Genes generally include both transcription units and flanking Regulatory-Region, but in operons they lack flanking regions, ie, Procaryotic-Gene include flanking Regulatory-Region when alone, but not when part of an operon. Souther. | RNA DNA-Coding-Sequence Procaryotic-Gene DNA-Codon Eucaryotic-Gene DNA-Template DNA-Strand Regulatory-Region |
| Eucaryotic-Gene | Region of DNA that controls a discrete hereditary characteristic, usually corresponding to a single protein or RNA. This definition includes the entire functional unit, encompassing coding DNA-Sequence, noncoding regulatory DNA-Sequence, and introns Alberts:MBC:G-10. | RNA DNA-Sequence DNA-Gene-Coding-Sequence Gene |
| Procaryotic-Gene | Region of procaryotic DNA that controls a discrete hereditary characteristic, usually corresponding to a single protein or RNA. Most Procaryotic-Gene are part of operons. Souther. | RNA Operon Gene |
| Transcription-Unit | A stretch of DNA that is naturally transcribed in a single operation to produce a single primary transcript. Can be (the coding part of) an operon or a gene. Strachan:HMG:556. Includes untranslated regions as well as the cistron. Souther | DNA-Transcription DNA-3prime-UTR DNA-Coding-Sequence DNA-5prime-UTR Cistron DNA-Codon Template |
| DNA-Gene-Coding-Sequence | Physical and functional unit of heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next. In molecular terms, it is the entire DNA sequence - including exons, introns, and noncoding transcription control regions - necessary for production of a functional protein or RNA. (Lodish:MCB:G-7). Note: this is the definition for gene, but applies to operons as well. | DNA-Sequence RNA Coding-Sequence Operon Eucaryotic-Gene |
| Operon | A set of contiguous prokaryotic structural genes that are transcribed as a unit, along with the adjacent regulatory elements that control their expression. Matthews:Biochemistry:1158. | DNA-Gene-Coding-Sequence |
| RNA-Coding-Sequence | A region of the RNA which codes for all or part of a protein. Souther. | RNA Coding-Sequence RNA-Sequence |
| DNA-Sequence | A nucleotide sequence of deoxyribonucleotides. Souther. | Deoxyribonucleotide Nucleotide-Sequence Internal-DNA-Sequence DNA-Noncoding-Sequence Polydeoxyribonucleotide DNA-Gene-Coding-Sequence DNA-Substance Damaged-DNA-Sequence DNA-Coding-Sequence 3-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide DNA-Template 5-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide |
| 3-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide | Nucleotide at the end of a DNA sequence which is connected within the sequence only at the 5' OH. At the end of a molecule the 3'-OH is free. Souther. | Deoxyribonucleotide DNA-Sequence 3-Prime-End Nucleotide DNA-Strand Nucleoside-Monophosphate |
| 5-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide | Nucleotide at the end of a DNA sequence which is connected within the sequence only at the 3' OH. If the DNA-Sequence is free, the 5' phosphoryl group is a triphosphate rather than a monophosphate. Souther. | Deoxyribonucleotide DNA-Sequence Phosphoryl-Group 5-Prime-End Triphosphate Nucleotide Monophosphate |
| Damaged-DNA-Sequence | A region of the DNA which has missing, mismatched, or altered bases or Base-Pair. Souther. | DNA-Sequence Base-Pair |
| DNA-Noncoding-Sequence | A region of the DNA which does not code for any known product, either protein or RNA. Souther. | DNA-3prime-UTR DNA-Sequence RNA DNA-5prime-UTR Intron Non-Transcribed-Region Spacer-DNA-Region |
| DNA-3prime-UTR | The sequence at the end of the transcription unit which is not translated. Souther. | DNA-Noncoding-Sequence |
| DNA-5prime-UTR | The sequence at the beginning of the transcription unit which is not later translated Souther. | DNA-Noncoding-Sequence |
| Intron | Region of a eucaryotic gene that does not code for protein but is transcribed into an RNA molecule and then excised by RNA splicing to produce mRNA. Alberts:ECB:G-10. | RNA Intron-Branch-Sequence Intron-End-Sequence DNA-Noncoding-Sequence Intron-Beginning-Sequence |
| Non-Transcribed-Region | Sequences of DNA which are not transcribed and do not play any role in regulation. The so-described 'junk' or 'spacer' DNA. Souther. | DNA-Noncoding-Sequence |
| Spacer-DNA-Region | The DNA region between Genes which is not transcribed. Can be up to 100,000 nucleotides long. Alberts:ECB:218. | DNA-Noncoding-Sequence |
| DNA-Template | A DNA sequence which is copied during DNA replication or repair. | Polynucleotide DNA-Sequence DNA-Synthesis Gene |
| Internal-DNA-Sequence | A region of the DNA which is internal, thus having no free 5' or 3' end. Souther. | DNA-Sequence Internal-Nucleotide-Sequence |
| Polydeoxyribonucleotide | A molecular chain of deoxyribonucleotides chemically bonded by a series of phosphodiester linkages. Alberts:ECB:G-14. | Polynucleotide Deoxyribonucleotide D-CMP D-TMP Internal-DNA-Sequence D-GMP DNA-Substance DNA-Sequence DNA-Strand DNA-Strand-Fragment D-AMP |
| DNA-Strand | One of two complementary anti-parallel chains that make up the DNA double helical molecule. Souther. | Eucaryotic-DNA-Strand Free-Nucleotide-Sequence 3-Prime-End Carbon-Atom 5-Prime-End Nitrogen-Atom DNA-Region Polydeoxyribonucleotide DNA-Noncoding-Sequence Nitrogenous-Base DNA-Gene-Coding-Sequence DNA-Replication Covalent-CN-Bond Template Nucleotide Deoxyribose Deoxyribose-Monophosphate |
| Eucaryotic-DNA-Strand | One of two strands that make up the DNA double helix. The two strands run antiparallel and are held together by Hydrogen-Bond between the bases. Souther. | Hydrogen-Bond DNA-Strand Template Eucaryotic-Gene DNA-Region DNA-Noncoding-Sequence DNA-Gene-Coding-Sequence |
| DNA-Strand-Fragment | A part of a DNA strand with free ends. Souther. | Free-Nucleotide-Sequence Okazaki-Fragment Polydeoxyribonucleotide |
| Okazaki-Fragment | A short length of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, discovered by R. Okazaki. They are rapidly joined by DNA ligase to form a continuous DNA strand. Alberts:MBC:G-17. | Free-Nucleotide-Sequence DNA-Synthesis DNA-Strand-Fragment |
| Free-Nucleotide-Sequence | A nucleotide sequence with a free 5'-triphosphate and free 3'-OH, i.e. a sequence which is not an internal sequence. Examples include DNA-Strand, Free-Nucleotide. Souther. | Phosphodiester-Bond Nucleotide-Sequence Nucleoside-Triphosphate Carbon-Atom 3-Prime-Nucleotide 5-Prime-Nucleotide Free-Nucleotide DNA-Strand DNA-Strand-Fragment Nucleoside-Monophosphate Pentose |
| Free-Nucleotide | A nucleotide which is not part of DNA or RNA, and is free in the medium. Souther. | Free-Nucleotide-Sequence RNA Nucleotide |
| Internal-Nucleotide-Sequence | A region of a nucleotide sequence which is internal, thus having no free 5' or 3' end. Souther. | Internal-RNA-Sequence 3-Prime-End Nucleotide-Sequence Internal-DNA-Sequence 5-Prime-End 3-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide Nucleoside-Monophosphate 5-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide |
| Nucleotide | Nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups joined in ester linkages to the sugar part. DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. Alberts:ECB:G-13. | Deoxyribonucleotide RNA Nucleotide-Sequence Phosphoryl-Group Nucleoside-Triphosphate Carbon-Atom 5-Prime-Nucleotide Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom Free-Nucleotide Nucleoside Covalent-CO-Bond Nucleoside-Monophosphate Monomer Hydroxyl-Group Pentose |
| Internal-RNA-Sequence | A region of the RNA which is internal, thus having no free 5' or 3' end. Souther. | RNA Internal-Nucleotide-Sequence RNA-Sequence |
| 5-Prime-Nucleotide | Nucleotide at the end of a sequence whose 5' end either bears a free triphosphate (free sequences like DNA-Strand or DNA-Strand-Fragment) or whose 5' end is attached to a neighboring sequence (internal sequences like introns or Regulatory-Sequence). Souther. | Nucleotide-Sequence Intron 5-Prime-End Nucleotide DNA-Strand Internal-Nucleotide-Sequence Regulatory-Sequence DNA-Strand-Fragment |
| Deoxyribonucleotide | Nucleotide containing 2-deoxy-D-ribose as the pentose component. Lehninger:PBC:G-3. | D-CMP D-TMP Adenine D-GMP Monophosphate Nitrogenous-Base Guanine 3-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide Nucleoside Nucleotide 5-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide Deoxyribose Cytosine Thymine D-AMP |
| D-AMP | Deoxyadenosine monophosphate. One of the four nucleotides in DNA, containing deoxyribose and adenine. Souther. | Deoxyribonucleotide D-TMP Carbon-Atom Monophosphate Oxygen-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Deoxyribose Nucleoside-Monophosphate Deoxyadenosine |
| D-CMP | Deoxycytidine monophosphate. One of the four nucleotides in DNA, containing cytosine and deoxyribose. Souther. | Deoxyribonucleotide Deoxycytidine Carbon-Atom D-GMP Monophosphate Oxygen-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Deoxyribose Nucleoside-Monophosphate |
| D-GMP | Deoxyguanosine monophosphate. One of the four nucleotides in DNA, containing deoxyribose and guanine. Souther. | Oxygen-Atom Deoxyribonucleotide D-CMP Deoxyguanosine Carbon-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Nucleoside-Monophosphate Deoxyribose Monophosphate |
| D-TMP | Deoxythymidine monophosphate. One of the four nucleotides in DNA, containing deoxyribose and thymine. Souther. | Deoxyribonucleotide Carbon-Atom Deoxythymidine Monophosphate Oxygen-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Deoxyribose Nucleoside-Monophosphate D-AMP |
| Nucleoside-Monophosphate | A nucleotide in which the 5' terminal group is a monophosphate. Souther. | CMP D-CMP TMP 3-Prime-Ribonucleotide D-TMP UMP GMP D-GMP Monophosphate 3-Prime-Nucleotide 3-Prime-Deoxyribonucleotide Nucleotide AMP D-AMP |
| 3-Prime-Nucleotide | Nucleotide at the end of a sequence whose 3' end either bears a free hydroxyl group (free sequences like DNA strands or DNA-Strand-Fragment) or whose 3' end is attached to a neighboring sequence (internal sequences like introns or Regulatory-Sequence). Souther. | 3-Prime-End Nucleotide-Sequence Intron Nucleotide DNA-Strand Internal-Nucleotide-Sequence Regulatory-Sequence Nucleoside-Monophosphate DNA-Strand-Fragment Hydroxyl-Group |
| 3-Prime-Ribonucleotide | Nucleotide at the end of a RNA sequence which is connected within the sequence only at the 5' OH. At the end of a molecule the 3'-OH is free. Souther. | Ribonucleotide RNA 3-Prime-End Nucleotide Nucleoside-Monophosphate Hydroxyl-Group RNA-Sequence |
| AMP | Adenosine monophosphate. One of the four nucleotides in RNA. AMP is produced by the energetically favorable hydrolysis of ATP. Alberts:ECB:G-2. | RNA UMP Carbon-Atom Ribose ATP Monophosphate Adenosine Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Nucleotide Nucleoside-Monophosphate |
| CMP | Cytidine monophosphate. One of the four nucleotides in RNA and DNA. Souther. | Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom RNA Cytidine Carbon-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond GMP Ribose Nucleoside-Monophosphate Monophosphate |
| GMP | Guanosine monophosphate. One of the four nucleotides in RNA. Souther. | Ribonucleotide CMP Oxygen-Atom RNA Guanosine Carbon-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Ribose Nucleoside-Monophosphate Monophosphate |
| TMP | Thymidine monophosphate. One of the four nucleotides in DNA. Souther. | Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom Carbon-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Thymidine Ribose Nucleoside-Monophosphate Monophosphate |
| UMP | Uridine monophosphate. One of the four nucleotides in RNA. Souther. | Uridine RNA Carbon-Atom Ribose Monophosphate Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Nucleoside-Monophosphate AMP |
| Nucleoside-Triphosphate | A nucleotide in which the 5' terminal group is a triphosphate. Souther. | Carbon-Atom ATP Monophosphate CTP TTP Oxygen-Atom UTP Nucleoside Covalent-CO-Bond Triphosphate Nucleotide Pentose |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate. The principle carrier of chemical energy in cells. The terminal phosphate groups are highly reactive in the sense that their hydrolysis, or transfer to another molecule, takes place with release of a large amount of free energy. Alberts:ECB:G-2. | Cell Nucleoside-Triphosphate Carbon-Atom Ribose Monophosphate Adenosine Molecule Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Triphosphate Phosphate Chemical-Energy Chemical-Bond-Energy-Transfer |
| CTP | Nucleoside triphosphate used in the synthesis of RNA and DNA. Souther. | Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom RNA Cytidine Nucleoside-Triphosphate Nucleoside Carbon-Atom Triphosphate Covalent-CO-Bond Ribose Monophosphate |
| TTP | Nucleoside triphosphate used in the synthesis of DNA. Souther. | Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom Nucleoside-Triphosphate Nucleoside Carbon-Atom Triphosphate Covalent-CO-Bond Thymidine Ribose Monophosphate |
| UTP | Nucleoside triphosphate used in the synthesis of RNA. Souther. | Uridine RNA Nucleoside-Triphosphate Carbon-Atom Ribose Monophosphate Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom Nucleoside Covalent-CO-Bond Triphosphate |
| Ribonucleotide | Nucleotide containing D-ribose as the pentose component. Lehninger:PBC:G-12. | CMP Uracil TMP 3-Prime-Ribonucleotide UMP Phosphoryl-Group 5-Prime-Ribonucleotide GMP Ribose Adenine ADP ATP Nitrogenous-Base CTP Guanine TTP UTP GTP Nucleoside Nucleotide AMP Cytosine |
| 5-Prime-Ribonucleotide | Nucleotide at the end of a RNA sequence which is connected within the sequence only at the 3' OH. If at the end of a molecule the free 5' OH is connected to a triphosphate rather than a monophosphate. Souther. | Ribonucleotide RNA 5-Prime-End Nucleotide Hydroxyl-Group RNA-Sequence |
| ADP | Nucleoside that is produced by hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate of ATP. Alberts:ECB:G-1 | Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom Diphosphate Nucleoside Covalent-CO-Bond Carbon-Atom Phosphate Ribose ATP Monophosphate Adenosine |
| GTP | Major nucleoside triphosphate used in the synthesis of RNA and in some energy-transfer reactions. Has a special role in microtubule assembly, protein synthesis, and cell signaling. Alberts:ECB:G-9. | Ribonucleotide Oxygen-Atom RNA Guanosine Carbon-Atom Triphosphate Covalent-CO-Bond Ribose Monophosphate |
| Oligonucleotide | A molecular chain of nucleotides chemically bonded by a series of phosphodiester linkages. Alberts:ECB:G-14. Arbitrarily defined in this KB to be between 3 and 49 nucleotides long, shorter Nucleotide-Sequence are called oligonucleotides. Note: the current lengths are arbitrary. All source so far consulted just say a 'short' nucleotide sequence. Souther. | Macromolecule 5-Prime-Nucleotide 3-Prime-End Phosphodiester-Bond Nucleotide-Sequence 5-Prime-End Carbon-Atom Nucleotide Pentose 3-Prime-Nucleotide |
| Polynucleotide | A molecular chain of nucleotides chemically bonded by a series of phosphodiester linkages. Alberts:ECB:G-14. Arbitrarily defined in this KB to be at least 50 nucleotides long, shorter Nucleotide-Sequence are called oligonucleotides. Note: the current lengths are arbitrary. All source so far consulted just say a 'long' nucleotide sequence. Souther. | 3-Prime-End Phosphodiester-Bond Nucleotide-Sequence 5-Prime-End Carbon-Atom Polydeoxyribonucleotide 3-Prime-Nucleotide 5-Prime-Nucleotide Macromolecule DNA-Template Nucleotide Polyribonucleotide Pentose |
| Polyribonucleotide | A polymer of ribonucleotides. Example is RNA. Souther. | Polynucleotide Ribonucleotide CMP Poly-A-Tail RNA Phosphodiester-Bond UMP RNA-Molecule GMP AMP |
| Poly-A-Tail | The polyadenylate chain added to the end of a newly synthesized mRNA in eucaryotes. Souther. | Polyribonucleotide AMP |
| RNA-Molecule | Polymer formed from covalently linked ribonucleotide units. Alberts:ECB:G-16 | RNA-Transcript Polymer Ribonucleotide RNA Polyribonucleotide MRNA |
| MRNA | RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Produced by RNA splicing (in eucaryotes) from a larger RNA molecule made by RNA polymerase as a complementary copy of DNA. It is translated into protein in a process catalyzed by ribosomes. Alberts:ECB:G-11 | RNA Protein-Initiator-Codon RNA-Translated-Region Eucaryotic-MRNA RNA-Molecule Protein-Stop-Codon Ribosome-Binding-Site Procaryotic-MRNA |
| Eucaryotic-MRNA | RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein, produced by RNA splicing from a larger RNA molecule made by RNA polymerase as a complementary copy of DNA. It is translated into protein in a process catalyzed by ribosomes. Alberts:ECB:G-11 | RNA-5prime-UTR RNA RNA-Translated-Region Poly-A-Tail MRNA RNA-3prime-UTR |
| Procaryotic-MRNA | RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Made by RNA polymerase as a complementary copy of DNA. It is translated into protein in a process catalyzed by ribosomes. Alberts:ECB:G-11 | RNA RNA-Translated-Region Protein-Initiator-Codon Protein-Stop-Codon Gene-Transcript RNA-3prime-UTR RNA-5prime-UTR Series MRNA Gene |
| RNA-Transcript | RNA product of DNA transcription (Alberts:MBC:1994). | Functional-RNA-Transcript RNA RRNA Bacterial-RNA-Transcript RNA-Molecule Eucaryotic-RNA-Transcript TRNA Gene-Transcript |
| Bacterial-RNA-Transcript | RNA product of DNA transcription in bacteria. Alberts:MBC:1994. | RNA-Transcript RNA |
| Gene-Transcript | The RNA transcript of a single gene, which is the rule for an mRNA transcript in eucaryotes. In procaryotes the mRNA transcript may code for several genes. Souther. | RNA-Transcript RNA |
| Eucaryotic-RNA-Transcript | The DNA transcription product in eucaryotes. Souther. | RNA-Transcript Primary-RNA-Transcript |
| Primary-RNA-Transcript | The newly transcribed RNA molecule before any modifications have been made to it in the nucleus. Souther. | RNA-5prime-UTR RNA Eucaryotic-Gene Eucaryotic-RNA-Transcript RNA-3prime-UTR |
| Functional-RNA-Transcript | The RNA transcript after all the post-transcription processing has been completed. (Compare with Primary Transcript). Souther. | RNA-Transcript RNA Functional-MRNA-Transcript |
| Functional-MRNA-Transcript | The RNA transcript after all the post-transcription processing has been completed, which includes RNA capping, polyadenylation, and splicing. Souther. | Functional-RNA-Transcript Ribonucleotide RNA Phosphodiester-Bond Poly-A-Tail Nucleoside Covalent-CO-Bond Carbon-Atom Nucleotide Ribose 7-Methyl-Guanosine Hydroxyl-Group Methyl-Group Functional-Vertebrate-MRNA-Transcript AMP |
| Functional-Vertebrate-MRNA-Transcript | The RNA transcript in vertebrates after all the post-transcription processing has been completed. Differs from lower organisms in that the RNA capping involves methylating the ribose of the second ribonucleotide as well. Souther. | Ribonucleotide RNA Carbon-Atom Ribose Covalent-Bond Functional-MRNA-Transcript Hydroxyl-Group Methyl-Group |
| RRNA | Any one of a number of specific RNA molecules that form part of the structure of a ribosome and participate in the synthesis of proteins. Alberts:ECB:G-16. | Eucaryotic-RRNA RNA-Transcript RNA Procaryotic-RRNA |
| Eucaryotic-RRNA | Eucaryotic rRNA molecule. Souther. | RRNA |
| Procaryotic-RRNA | Procaryotic rRNA molecule. Souther. | RRNA |
| TRNA | Small RNA molecule used in protein synthesis as an adaptor between a specific codon in mRNA, and specific amino acids. Each type of tRNA molecule is covalently linked to a particular amino acid and recognizes a particular codon or set of codons by base-pairing. Alberts:ECB:G-18. | RNA-Transcript Procaryotic-TRNA RNA Eucaryotic-TRNA Nucleotide Amino-Acid-Binding-Site RNA-Anticodon |
| Eucaryotic-TRNA | Eucaryotic tRNA molecule. Souther. | TRNA |
| Procaryotic-TRNA | Procaryotic tRNA molecule. Souther. | TRNA |
| Regulatory-Sequence | A sequence of nucleotides that regulates the the synthesis of DNA, RNA, or protein. Souther. | RNA RNA-Regulatory-Sequence Nucleotide-Sequence DNA-Regulatory-Sequence |
| DNA-Regulatory-Sequence | A sequence of DNA deoxyribonucleotides on a DNA strand that regulates the replication or transcription of DNA. Souther. | TATA-Box CTGGCGGC-Like-Sequence Regulatory-Sequence Replication-Origin-Sequence Terminator TTTT-Like-Sequence Promoter GCCGCCAG-Like-Sequence TTGACA-Like-Sequence |
| Series | A collection of identical or functionally identical molecules which repeat in a linear manner along some structure. Examples: Protein-Filament made up of molecules attached end to end, the series of hydrogen bonds in DNA, etc. Souther. | Protein-Filament |
| CTGGCGGC-Like-Sequence | A DNA consensus sequence that forms part of the terminator for DNA transcription. Alberts:ECB:217. | DNA-Regulatory-Sequence |
| GCCGCCAG-Like-Sequence | A DNA consensus sequence that forms part of the terminator for DNA transcription. Alberts:ECB:217 | Deoxyribonucleotide D-CMP DNA-Regulatory-Sequence D-GMP D-AMP |
| Promoter | Nucleotide sequence in DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription. Alberts:ECB:G-15. | TATA-Box RNA Deoxyribonucleotide DNA-Regulatory-Sequence Nucleotide TTGACA-Like-Sequence |
| Replication-Origin-Sequence | A DNA sequence that attracts initiator proteins for DNA translation. Alberts:ECB:190 | Deoxyribonucleotide D-TMP DNA-Regulatory-Sequence D-AMP |
| TATA-Box | A DNA consensus sequence that forms part of the promoter for DNA transcription. Alberts:ECB:217 | Deoxyribonucleotide D-TMP DNA-Regulatory-Sequence D-AMP |
| Terminator | A DNA sequence that appears at the end of a transcriptional unit and signals the end of transcription. Lehninger:PBC:G-13. | TTTT-Like-Sequence CTGGCGGC-Like-Sequence Deoxyribonucleotide GCCGCCAG-Like-Sequence DNA-Regulatory-Sequence Terminator-Region |
| TTGACA-Like-Sequence | A DNA consensus sequence that forms part of the promoter for DNA transcription. Alberts:ECB:217. | Deoxyribonucleotide D-CMP D-TMP DNA-Regulatory-Sequence D-GMP D-AMP |
| TTTT-Like-Sequence | A DNA consensus sequence that forms part of the terminator for DNA transcription. Alberts:ECB:217. | Deoxyribonucleotide D-TMP DNA-Regulatory-Sequence |
| RNA-Regulatory-Sequence | A sequence of mRNA ribonucleotides on an RNA transcript that regulates the processing of RNA or translation of RNA. Souther. | Protein-Initiator-Codon RNA Intron-Branch-Sequence Intron-End-Sequence Protein-Stop-Codon Regulatory-Sequence Intron-Beginning-Sequence |
| Intron-Beginning-Sequence | The sequence that identifies the 5' splice site on an intron. Souther. | RNA-Regulatory-Sequence |
| Intron-Branch-Sequence | The conserved sequence within an intron containing an adenine which attacks and breaks the bond between the last exon nucleotide and the first (5') intron nucleotide. Souther. | RNA-Regulatory-Sequence |
| Intron-End-Sequence | The sequence that identifies the 3' splice site on an intron. Souther. | RNA-Regulatory-Sequence |
| Ribosome-Binding-Site | A binding site on the ribosome that contains a nucleotide sequence which matches a complementary sequence on tRNA or mRNA. Souther. | Nucleotide-Sequence Binding-Site |
| Microtubule | Long, stiff, cylindrical intracellular structure, 20 nanometers in diameter, composed of the protein tubulin; one of the major components of the cytoskeleton, used by Eucaryotic-Cell to regulate their shape and control their movements. Alberts:ECB:G-11. | Series Eucaryotic-Cell Protein-Filament Tubulin-Molecule |
| RNA-Noncoding-Sequence | The part of messenger RNA which is not translated. Souther. | RNA-5prime-UTR RNA Nucleotide-Sequence RNA-3prime-UTR |
| RNA-3prime-UTR | The sequence at the end of the mRNA which is not translated. In eucaryotes, it is partly trimmed and a poly-A tail is added. Souther. | RNA-Noncoding-Sequence |
| RNA-5prime-UTR | The sequence at the beginning of the mRNA which is not translated. In eucaryotes, it is partly trimmed and a poly-A tail is added. Souther. | RNA-Noncoding-Sequence |
| RNA-Sequence | A nucleotide sequence of ribonucleotides. Souther. | RNA-Coding-Sequence Ribonucleotide Internal-RNA-Sequence Nucleotide-Sequence 3-Prime-Ribonucleotide 5-Prime-Ribonucleotide |
| Information-Sequence | A sequence which encodes information. Biological examples are DNA, RNA, and the amino acid sequence of proteins (which determines folding). Souther. | Amino-Acid-Sequence Genetic-Information-Sequence RNA Coding-Sequence Information Chemical-Information-Sequence |
| Genetic-Information-Sequence | A genetic sequence which encodes information. Souther. | Information-Sequence |
| Protein-Filament | A linear chain of protein molecules. As microtubules, Actin-Filament, and Intermediate-Filament, they constitute much of the cytoskeleton of all eucaryotic cells and especially abundant in muscle cells. see Alberts:ECB:16. | Intermediate-Filament Protein Microtubule Compound-Protein Series Actin-Filament |
| Intermediate-Filament | Fibrous protein filament (10 nm in diameter) that forms ropelike bundles in animal cells. Often provides tensile strength to withstand tension applied to the cell from outside. Alberts:ECB:G-10. | Protein Series Protein-Filament |
| Information | Knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance. RHCD:1st Revised: 684. | Information-Sequence |
| Nuclear-Pore | Channel through the nuclear envelope that allows selected molecules to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Alberts:ECB:G-13. | Nucleoplasm |
| Atomic-Region | A region of the atom. Souther. | Atomic-Nucleus Electron-Shell |
| Atomic-Nucleus | The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons. Souther. | Atomic-Region |
| Electron-Shell | An energy level in the atom which corresponds to a discrete orbit. Each shell can accomodate only a strictly limited number of electrons. Alberts:ECB:40 | Atomic-Region |
| Binding-Site | Region on the surface of a molecule - typically a cavity or groove - that is complementary in shape to another molecule (the ligand) and therefore can bind it through the formation of multiple weak (noncovalent) bonds. cf Alberts:ECB:G-3. | MRNA-Site Regulatory-Site P-Site A-Site E-Site TRNA-Initiator-Site Ribosome-Binding-Site Amino-Acid-Binding-Site Active-Site |
| A-Site | The site on the ribosome where the incoming amino-acyl tRNA binds. Alberts:ECB:230. | Ribosome Binding-Site TRNA |
| Active-Site | Region of an enzyme surface to which a substrate molecule binds before it undergoes a catalyzed reaction. Alberts:ECB:G-1. | Enzyme-Catalysis Binding-Site substrate |
| Amino-Acid-Binding-Site | A short, single-stranded region at the 3' end of TRNA where the amino acid that matches the codon of the mRNA being translated is bound. see Alberts:ECB:226. | Binding-Site TRNA TRNA-Charging |
| E-Site | The site on the ribosome where the tRNA that has just given up the growing polypeptide chain dissociates from the ribosome. Alberts:ECB:230. | Binding-Site |
| MRNA-Site | The site on the ribosome where mRNA is bound during translation. Souther. | Binding-Site |
| P-Site | The site on the ribosome where the the tRNA holding the growing polypeptide chain binds. Alberts:ECB:230. | Binding-Site |
| Regulatory-Site | A site on a molecule to which a regulatory ligand binds and alters the activity or function of that molecule. Souther. | DNA-Regulatory-Site Binding-Site Molecule |
| DNA-Regulatory-Site | A regulatory site on the DNA molecule such as the replication origin or the promoter. Souther. | Regulatory-Site |
| TRNA-Initiator-Site | Binding-Site | |
| 3-Prime-End | The region of a nucleotide sequence acid which includes the terminal nucleotide with a free 3' hydroxyl group. Souther. | Nucleic-Acid-Region Nucleotide-Sequence Nucleotide Hydroxyl-Group 3-Prime-Nucleotide |
| Nucleic-Acid-Region | A region of a nucleic acid such as the 5' end or 3' end. Souther. | 3-Prime-End RNA-Region 5-Prime-End DNA-Region |
| 5-Prime-End | The region of a nucleotide sequence which includes the terminal nucleotide with a free 5' triphosphate group. Souther. | 5-Prime-Nucleotide Nucleic-Acid-Region Nucleotide-Sequence Triphosphate Nucleotide |
| DNA-Region | A region of the DNA, such as the 5' end or the replication origin. Souther | Replication-Fork Nucleic-Acid-Region DNA-Non-Coding-Region |
| DNA-Non-Coding-Region | A region which does not code for RNA or proteins. Examples include the spacer DNA-Region in eucaryotes. Souther. | RNA DNA-Region |
| Replication-Fork | The site on the DNA molecule of DNA replication. Souther. | DNA-Replication DNA-Region |
| RNA-Region | A region of an RNA molecule. In mRNA, includes untranslated and coding regions. Souther. | RNA-Translated-Region RNA Nucleic-Acid-Region RNA-Coding-Region RNA-Non-Coding-Region RNA-Untranslated-Region |
| RNA-Coding-Region | Region of the mRNA which codes for a protein. Souther. | RNA-Region |
| RNA-Non-Coding-Region | Region of the mRNA which does not code for protein. Includes the untranslated regions at either end and the introns which are spliced out. Souther. | RNA-Region |
| RNA-Translated-Region | Region of the mRNA which directs the selection of amino acids to make up a particular protein. Souther. | RNA-Coding-Sequence Protein-Initiator-Codon RNA-Region Protein-Stop-Codon |
| RNA-Untranslated-Region | Region at either end of the mRNA molecule which is not translated, e.g., the poly-A tail. Souther. | RNA-Region |
| Protein-Binding-Site | Region on the surface of a protein - typically a cavity or groove - that is complementary in shape to another molecule (the ligand) and therefore can bind it through the formation of multiple weak (noncovalent) bonds. Alberts:ECB:G-3. | |
| Protein-Region | Any region of a protein, such as the carboxy terminal or amino terminal end. Souther. | Amino-Terminus Carboxyl-Terminus |
| Amino-Terminus | That end of a polypeptide chain which carries an unattached amino acid group. Alberts:ECB:G-12 | Amino-Acid-Sequence Protein-Region |
| Carboxyl-Terminus | That end of a polypeptide chain which carries an unattached carboxylic acid group. Alberts:ECB:G-3 | Protein-Region |
| RNA | Acid consisting of a chain of ribonucleotides. Souther. | Nucleic-Acid Acid RNA-Molecule |
| Protoplasm | The organized colloidal complex of organic and Inorganic-Substance that constitutes the living cell or organelle. WNCD:947. | Pool Nucleoplasm Cytoplasm Inorganic-Molecule Colloid Organic-Molecule Inorganic-Substance |
| Cytoplasm | Contents of a cell that are contained within the plasma membrane, but, in the case of Eucaryotic-Cell, outside of the nucleus. Alberts:ECB:G-5 | Procaryotic-Cytoplasm Cell Eucaryotic-Cytoplasm Protoplasm Eucaryotic-Cell |
| Eucaryotic-Cytoplasm | The cytoplasm of Eucaryotic-Cell containing the nucleus and other organelles. Souther. | Cytoskeleton Eucaryotic-Cell Centriole ATP CTP Peroxisome Vesicle Microtubule GTP Actin-Filament Cytosol Golgi-Apparatus Endoplasmic-Reticulum Cytoplasmic-Protein Functional-RNA-Transcript Intermediate-Filament UTP Pool Lysosome Cytoplasm Mitochondrion |
| Procaryotic-Cytoplasm | The cytoplasm of Eucaryotic-Cell containing the nucleus and other organelles. Souther. | Cytoplasm Eucaryotic-Cell Procaryotic-DNA |
| Nucleoplasm | The protoplasm of the nucleus. Souther. | Protoplasm Pool Nucleoside-Triphosphate Chromosome Eucaryotic-DNA-Polymerase |
| Regulatory-Region | A region or site on DNA, RNA, or a Protein which regulates the processing or activity of the molecule. Souther | RNA Protein DNA-Regulatory-Region |
| DNA-Regulatory-Region | A region of the DNA that contains Regulatory-Sequence. Souther. | Promoter-Region Regulatory-Sequence DNA-Regulatory-Sequence Terminator-Region Replication-Origin Regulatory-Region |
| Promoter-Region | The region that encompasses the promoter, which is usually in two separate sequences. Souther. | Promoter DNA-Regulatory-Region |
| Replication-Origin | Site on a chromosome at which DNA replication begins. Alberts:ECB:G-16. | Deoxyribonucleotide DNA-Replication Replication-Origin-Sequence DNA-Regulatory-Region |
| Terminator-Region | The region which contains the terminator sequences. | Terminator DNA-Regulatory-Region |
| Acid | Molecule (or substance) that dissociates in water to release one or more protons (H+ ions). see Alberts:ECB:G-1. | Pyruvic-Acid Chemical-Entity Keto-Acid Organic-Acid Molecule Acidic-Amino-Acid Hydrogen-Atom Carboxylic-Acid |
| Base | Molecule or substance that accepts proton(s) in solution. Also used refer to the purines and pyrimidines in DNA and RNA. Alberts:ECB:G-3. | Chemical-Entity Basic-Amino-Acid RNA Nitrogenous-Base Molecule |
| Chemical-Entity | Any molecule, atom, substance, or phenomenon (e.g, a chemical bond) which has chemical properties. Souther. | Acid Chemical-Object Base Chemical-Substance Chemical-Bond |
| Acidic-Amino-Acid | An amino acid which carries a net negative charge at pH 7. Souther. | Acid Amino-Acid Glutamic-Acid Aspartic-Acid |
| Aspartic-Acid | A polar amino acid with a acetic side chain. Souther | Charged-Polar-Amino-Acid Alpha-Carbon Nonessential-Amino-Acid Carbon-Atom Acidic-Amino-Acid Amino-Acid-Side-Chain Acetyl-Group Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Glutamic-Acid | A polar amino acid with a propionic side chain. Souther | Charged-Polar-Amino-Acid Alpha-Carbon Nonessential-Amino-Acid Carbon-Atom Acidic-Amino-Acid Amino-Acid-Side-Chain Propionic-Group Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Carboxylic-Acid | Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes Amino-Acid and fatty acids. Carboxylic-Acid can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. PubMed:MeSH. | Acid Amino-Acid Organic-Molecule Carboxyl-Group |
| Keto-Acid | Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH) attached to a carbonyl group (C=O). Souther. | Acid Carbon-Atom Carbonyl-Group Organic-Molecule Carboxyl-Group Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Organic-Acid | An organic molecule or substance which acts as an acid (a hydrogen donor). Souther. | Nucleic-Acid Acid Pantothenic-Acid Carbon-Atom Nucleic-Acid-Molecule |
| Nucleic-Acid | Acid made up of chains of nucleotides. Souther. | DNA-Acid RNA Organic-Acid Acid Viral-Nucleic-Acid |
| DNA-Acid | Acid consisting of a chain of deoxyribonucleotides. Souther. | Nucleic-Acid Acid |
| Viral-Nucleic-Acid | The hereditary material of a virus, either DNA or RNA. | Nucleic-Acid RNA Viral-DNA |
| Viral-DNA | The DNA of a virus. Souther. | DNA-Virus Viral-Nucleic-Acid DNA-Molecule |
| Nucleic-Acid-Molecule | RNA or DNA; consists of a chain of nucleotides joined together by Phosphodiester-Bond. Alberts:ECB:G-13. | Macromolecule Organic-Acid RNA Phosphodiester-Bond |
| Pantothenic-Acid | An organic acid that is one of the major parts of coenzymeA. Souther. | Organic-Acid |
| Pyruvic-Acid | An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. PubMed:MeSH:From Stedman, 26th ed. Formula: CH3COCOOH. Souther. | Acid Carbon-Atom Carbonyl-Group Methyl-Group Organic-Molecule Carboxyl-Group Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Lysine | A basic amino acid with a butylamine side chain. Souther | Charged-Polar-Amino-Acid Alpha-Carbon Basic-Amino-Acid Butylamine Carbon-Atom Amino-Acid-Side-Chain Essential-Amino-Acid Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Basic-Amino-Acid | An amino acid which carries a net positive charge at pH 7. Souther. | Charged-Polar-Amino-Acid Histidine Amino-Acid Base Lysine Arginine |
| Arginine | A basic amino acid with a di-amido propylamine side chain CH2CH2CH2NHCH(NH2)2 Souther | Propylamine Basic-Amino-Acid Carbon-Atom Nitrogen-Atom Amino-Acid-Side-Chain Essential-Amino-Acid Charged-Polar-Amino-Acid Alpha-Carbon Covalent-CN-Bond Conjugated-Double-Bond Methyl-Group Amino-Group Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Histidine | A charged polar amino acid with an imidazole derived side chain. Souther. | Charged-Polar-Amino-Acid Alpha-Carbon Basic-Amino-Acid Carbon-Atom Amino-Acid-Side-Chain Methyl-Group Imidazole Essential-Amino-Acid Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Nitrogenous-Base | A base containing nitrogen. | Pyrimidine Purine Base |
| Purine | A nitrogenous compound containing two fused heterocyclic rings. Two purines, adenine and guanine, commonly are found in DNA and RNA. Lodish:MCB:G-14. | Heterocyclic-Compound RNA Carbon-Atom Adenine Covalent-CH-Bond Nitrogen-Atom Nitrogenous-Base Guanine Covalent-CN-Bond Pyrimidine Conjugated-Double-Bond Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-NH-Bond |
| Adenine | A purine base which combines with a ribose base to form adenosine. Adenosine phosphates are prominent molecules in cells as ATP, cAMP, and nucleotides. Souther. | Uracil Purine Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Nitrogen-Atom ATP Adenosine Covalent-CN-Bond Conjugated-Double-Bond Thymine Hydrogen-Atom Amino-Group Covalent-NH-Bond |
| Guanine | A purine base which combines with a ribose base to form guanosine. Guanosine phosphates are prominent molecules in cells as GTP which participates in cell signaling metabolism and nucleotides. Souther. | Purine Double-Covalent-CO-Bond Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Nitrogen-Atom Double-Covalent-CC-Bond Oxygen-Atom Guanosine Covalent-CN-Bond GTP Conjugated-Double-Bond Cytosine Amino-Group Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond Covalent-NH-Bond |
| Pyrimidine | A nitrogenous compound containing one heterocyclic ring. Two pyrimidines, cytosine and thymine, are commonly found in DNA. Lodish:MCB:G-14. | Uracil Heterocyclic-Compound Purine Carbon-Atom Nitrogen-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Nitrogenous-Base Conjugated-Double-Bond Cytosine Thymine Hydrogen-Atom |
| Cytosine | A pyrimidine base which combines with a ribose base to form cytosine. Cytosine triphosphates are one of the building block monomers for DNA and RNA. Souther. | RNA Double-Covalent-CO-Bond Carbon-Atom Nitrogen-Atom Guanine Oxygen-Atom Pyrimidine Covalent-CN-Bond Conjugated-Double-Bond Hydrogen-Atom Amino-Group Covalent-NH-Bond |
| Thymine | A pyrimidine base which combines with a ribose base to form thymidine. Thymidine triphosphates are one of the building block monomers for DNA. Souther. | Carbon-Atom Double-Covalent-CO-Bond Adenine Nitrogen-Atom Oxygen-Atom Pyrimidine Covalent-CN-Bond Thymidine Methyl-Group Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond Covalent-NH-Bond |
| Uracil | A pyrimidine base which combines with a ribose base to form uridine. Uridine triphosphates are one of the building block monomers for RNA. Souther. | Uridine RNA Double-Covalent-CO-Bond Carbon-Atom Adenine Covalent-CH-Bond Nitrogen-Atom Double-Covalent-CC-Bond Oxygen-Atom Pyrimidine Covalent-CN-Bond Covalent-CO-Bond Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond Covalent-NH-Bond |
| Chemical-Bond | Linkage between two atoms that holds them together in a chemical compound. Types found in living cells include Ionic-Bond, Covalent-Bond, polar bonds, and Hydrogen-Bond. Alberts:ECB:G-4. | Chemical-Entity Hydrogen-Bond Ionic-Bond Chemical-Object Bond Covalent-Bond High-Energy-Bond Noncovalent-Bond |
| Covalent-Bond | A stable chemical link between two atoms produced by sharing one or more electrons. Alberts:ECB:G-5 | Phosphoanhydride-Bond Phosphodiester-Bond Covalent-Single-Bond Peptide-Bond Double-Covalent-Bond Chemical-Bond Thioester-Bond |
| Covalent-Single-Bond | A stable chemical link between two atoms produced by sharing a pair of electrons. cf Alberts:ECB:G-5 | Covalent-PO-Bond Atom Covalent-CN-Bond Covalent-CO-Bond Covalent-CH-Bond Covalent-Bond Covalent-CC-Bond Covalent-CS-Bond Covalent-NH-Bond |
| Covalent-CC-Bond | Chemical bond between two carbons. Souther. | Atom Covalent-Single-Bond Carbon-Atom |
| Covalent-CH-Bond | Chemical bond between carbon and hydrogen. Souther. | Atom Covalent-Single-Bond Carbon-Atom Hydrogen-Atom |
| Peptide-Bond | Chemical bond between the carbonyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid - a special form of amide linkage. Alberts:ECB:G-14. | Amino-Acid-Sequence Amino-Acid Covalent-Bond |
| Covalent-CN-Bond | Chemical bond between carbon and nitrogen. Souther. | Atom Covalent-Single-Bond Carbon-Atom Nitrogen-Atom |
| Covalent-CO-Bond | Chemical bond between a carbon and a oxygen. Souther. | Oxygen-Atom Atom Covalent-Single-Bond Carbon-Atom |
| Covalent-CS-Bond | Chemical bond between a carbon and a sulfur. Souther. | Atom Covalent-Single-Bond Carbon-Atom Sulfur-Atom |
| Covalent-NH-Bond | Chemical bond between hydrogen and nitrogen. Souther. | Atom Covalent-Single-Bond Nitrogen-Atom Hydrogen-Atom |
| Covalent-PO-Bond | Chemical bond between a phosphorus and a oxygen. Souther. | Oxygen-Atom Phosphorus-Atom Atom Covalent-Single-Bond |
| Double-Covalent-Bond | A chemical bond formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons. Alberts:ECB:45 | Double-Covalent-CN-Bond Double-Covalent-CO-Bond Conjugated-Double-Bond Covalent-Bond Double-Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Conjugated-Double-Bond | A double bond which exists in alteration with single bonds in a carbon skeleton. WHS:PBC-5th:61. | Atom Carbon-Atom Double-Covalent-Bond |
| Double-Covalent-CC-Bond | Double covalent bond between two carbons. Souther. | Atom Carbon-Atom Double-Covalent-Bond |
| Double-Covalent-CN-Bond | Double covalent bond between carbon and nitrogen. Souther. | Atom Carbon-Atom Double-Covalent-Bond Nitrogen-Atom |
| Double-Covalent-CO-Bond | Double covalent bond between carbon and oxygen. Souther. | Oxygen-Atom Atom Carbon-Atom Double-Covalent-Bond |
| Phosphoanhydride-Bond | A chemical bond formed between two phosphate groups. Souther. | Covalent-Bond Monophosphate |
| Phosphodiester-Bond | A covalent chemical bond formed when two hydroxyl groups are linked in ester linkage to the same phosphate group, as in the case of adjacent nucleotides in RNA or DNA. Alberts:ECB:G-14. | RNA Covalent-Bond Nucleotide |
| Thioester-Bond | High-energy bond formed by a condensation reaction between an acid (acyl) group and a thiol group (-SH); seen, for example, in acetyl CoA and in many enzyme- substrate complexes. Alberts:ECB:G-17. | Covalent-Bond substrate |
| Atom | The smallest particle of an element that still retains its distinctive chemical properties. Alberts:ECB:G-2. | Proton Carbon-Atom Nitrogen-Atom Oxygen-Atom Phosphorus-Atom Chemical-Object Electron Hydrogen-Atom Sulfur-Atom |
| High-Energy-Bond | Covalent bond whose hydrolysis releases an unusually large amount of free energy under the conditions existing in a cell. Examples include the Phosphodiester-Bond in ATP and the thioester linkage in acetyl CoA. Alberts:ECB:G-9 | Phosphodiester-Bond ATP Chemical-Energy Chemical-Bond |
| Noncovalent-Bond | Chemical bond in which, in contrast to a covalent bond, no electrons are shared. NonCovalent-Bond are relatively weak, but they can sum together to produce strong, highly specific interactions between molecules. Alberts:ECB:G-13 | Hydrogen-Bond Ionic-Bond Chemical-Bond |
| Hydrogen-Bond | A weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom such as nitrogen or oxygen and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom. Alberts:ECB:G-9. | Atom Hydrogen-Atom Noncovalent-Bond |
| Ionic-Bond | Attractive force that holds together two ions, one positive and the other negative. Alberts:ECB:G-10 | Anion Cation Ion Noncovalent-Bond |
| Chemical-Object | Any object which is typically described in terms of its chemical properties. Includes atoms, molecules, and Chemical-Group like methyl group. Souther. | Chemical-Entity Chemical-Group Atom Electron-Carrier Ion Molecule Subatomic-Particle Hydrophobic-Structure Electron-Acceptor Electron-Donor Chemical-Substance Chemical-Sequence Hydrophilic-Structure |
| Carbon-Atom | The fundamental building block of living systems. Souther. | Alpha-Carbon Atom Proton Neutron Electron |
| Alpha-Carbon | The central carbon atom in an alpha amino acid, to which the carboyxl and Amino-Group and the side chain group are attached. Souther. | Acid Amino-Acid Carbon-Atom Amino-Group |
| Hydrogen-Atom | A colorless, odorless, flammable element that combines with oxygen to form water. The lightest of all elements. RHCD:1st Revised:649. | Atom Proton Electron |
| Nitrogen-Atom | A colorless, odorless element constituting about 4/5ths of the volume of the atmosphere and is present in combined form in animal and vegetable tissues, especially in proteins. RHCD:1st Revised:901. | Atom Proton Neutron Electron |
| Oxygen-Atom | An element that is found free as a colorless tasteless odorless gas in the atmosphere of whicdh it forms about 21 percent or combned in water, in most rocks and minerals, and in numerous organic compounds, that is capable of combining with all elements except the inert gases, is active in physiological processes, and is involved especially in comobustion processes. Websters 9th NCD:843. | Atom Proton Neutron Electron |
| Phosphorus-Atom | A solid, nonmetallic element that is a necessary constituent for bones and nerves, and as a phosphate forms high-energy bonds that provide the energy for all biosynthetic reactions. Souther. | Atom Proton Neutron Electron |
| Sulfur-Atom | A nonmetallic element that occurs either free or combined especially in sulfides and sulfates, and is a constituent of proteins. Websters 9th NCD:1180. | Atom Proton Neutron Electron |
| Chemical-Group | Set of covalently linked atoms, such as a hydroxyl group or an amino group, tht occurs in many different molecules and has a distinctive chemical character. Alberts:ECB:G-4. | Ethyl-Group Propyl-Group Amido-Group Ethanol-Group Butyl-Group Acetamino-Group Isopropyl-Group Propionic-Group Methyl-Group Amino-Group Propylamine Phosphoryl-Group Methanol-Group Formyl-Group Amino-Acid-Side-Chain Carbonyl-Group Propionamino-Group Isobutyl-Group Butylamine Thiol-Group Chemical-Object Acetyl-Group Hydroxyl-Group Carboxyl-Group |
| Acetamino-Group | A chemical group derived from acetamine. CH3-CONH2. Souther. | Chemical-Group Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Amido-Group Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Acetyl-Group | A chemical group derived from acetic acid. Alberts:ECB:G-1 | Chemical-Group Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Carboxyl-Group Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Amido-Group | Molecule containing a carbonyl group linked to an amine. Alberts:ECB:G-1. | Chemical-Group Oxygen-Atom Covalent-CN-Bond Carbon-Atom Double-Covalent-CO-Bond Molecule Amino-Group |
| Amino-Acid-Side-Chain | A chemical group which is attached to the alpha carbon in alpha Amino-Acid. For living organisms, there are about 20 different side chains yielding 20 different Amino-Acid which make up proteins. Souther. | Chemical-Group Alpha-Carbon Amino-Acid |
| Amino-Group | Weakly basic functional group, derived from ammonia (NH3). In aqueous solution an amino group can accept a proton and carry a positive charge. Alberts:ECB:G-2 | Chemical-Group Nitrogen-Atom Hydrogen-Atom |
| Butyl-Group | Hydrophobic chemical group derived from butane. Souther. | Chemical-Group Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Butylamine | Amine derived from butane. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-NH3. Souther. | Chemical-Group Covalent-CN-Bond Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Amino-Group Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Carbonyl-Group | Chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked to an oxygen atom by a double bond. Alberts:ECB:G-3. | Chemical-Group Oxygen-Atom Carbon-Atom Double-Covalent-CO-Bond |
| Carboxyl-Group | Chemical group consistingt of a carbon atom linked both to an oxygen atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group. Molecules containing a carboxyl group are weak acids (Carboxylic-Acid). Alberts:ECB:G-3. | Chemical-Group Oxygen-Atom Carbon-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Double-Covalent-CO-Bond Carboxylic-Acid Hydrogen-Atom |
| Ethanol-Group | Alcohol derived from ethane. Souther. | Chemical-Group Alcohol Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Amino-Acid-Side-Chain Oxygen-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Hydroxyl-Group Hydrogen-Atom |
| Ethyl-Group | Hydrophobic chemical group derived from Ethane. Alberts:ECB:G-11. | Chemical-Group Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Formyl-Group | Chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked to an oxygen atom by a double bond. Alberts:ECB:G-3. | Chemical-Group Oxygen-Atom Carbon-Atom Double-Covalent-CO-Bond Covalent-CH-Bond Hydrogen-Atom |
| Hydroxyl-Group | Chemical group consisting of a hydrogen atom linked to an oxygen, as in an alcohol. Alberts:ECB:G-9. | Chemical-Group Oxygen-Atom Hydrogen-Atom |
| Isobutyl-Group | Hydrophobic chemical group derived from butane. (CH3)2-CH2CH3. Souther. | Chemical-Group Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Isopropyl-Group | Hydrophobic chemical group derived from Isopropane. Souther. | Chemical-Group Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Methanol-Group | Alcohol derived from methane. Souther. | Chemical-Group Alcohol Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Amino-Acid-Side-Chain Oxygen-Atom Covalent-CO-Bond Hydroxyl-Group Hydrogen-Atom |
| Methyl-Group | Hydrophobic chemical group derived from methane. Alberts:ECB:G-11. | Chemical-Group Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Hydrogen-Atom |
| Phosphoryl-Group | A chemical group made up of 1 at least one phosphorus and 4 oxygens. Normally acidic in the cell. Souther. | Chemical-Group Diphosphate Triphosphate Phosphate Monophosphate |
| Diphosphate | A compound containing a two phosphate groups in a chain, linked by Phosphoanhydride-Bond. Souther. | Oxygen-Atom Phosphorus-Atom Phosphoanhydride-Bond Phosphoryl-Group Monophosphate |
| Monophosphate | A compound containing a single phosphate group. Souther. | Covalent-PO-Bond Oxygen-Atom Phosphorus-Atom Phosphoryl-Group |
| Triphosphate | A compound containing a three phosphate groups in a chain. Souther. | Oxygen-Atom Phosphorus-Atom Phosphoanhydride-Bond Phosphoryl-Group Monophosphate |
| Propionamino-Group | Amine derived from Propionamino acid. CH2-CH2-CONH3 Souther. | Chemical-Group Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Amido-Group Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Propionic-Group | Acidic chemical group derived from propane. CH3-CH2-COO- Souther. | Chemical-Group Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Carboxyl-Group Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Propyl-Group | Hydrophobic chemical group derived from propane. CH3-CH2-CH2- Souther. | Chemical-Group Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Propylamine | Amine derived from propane. CH3-CH2-CH2-NH3. Souther. | Chemical-Group Covalent-CN-Bond Carbon-Atom Covalent-CH-Bond Amino-Group Hydrogen-Atom Covalent-CC-Bond |
| Thiol-Group | Chemical group containing sulfer and hydrogen found in the amino acid cysteine and other molecules. Two sulfhydryls can join to produce a disulfide bond. Alberts:ECB:G-17 | Chemical-Group Hydrogen-Atom Sulfur-Atom |
| Electron-Acceptor | Atom or molecule that takes up electrons readily. Upon gaining an electron, it is said to be reduced. Alberts:ECB:G-7 | Atom Chemical-Object Reduction |
| Electron-Carrier | Molecule such as cytochrome C that transfers an electron from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. Alberts:ECB:G-7 | Chemical-Object NAD-Plus FADH2 Molecule Electron-Transfer |
| FADH2 | Major electron carrier in metabolism; produced by reduction of FAD during the oxidation of catabolites such as succinate. Alberts:ECB:G-7 | Electron-Carrier Electron-Transfer |
| NAD-Plus | Molecule that participates in an oxidatin reaction by accepting a hydride ion (H-) from a donor molecule thereby producing NADH, which serves as an activated carrier of electrons; important in the energy-producing breakdown of sugars and fats. Alberts:ECB:G-12. | Electron-Carrier Molecule |
| Electron-Donor | Atom or molecule that gives up electrons readily. In the process, it is said to become oxidized. Alberts:ECB:G-7 | Atom Chemical-Object Oxidation |
| Hydrophilic-Structure | Any chemical object which attracts water. Souther. | Chemical-Object </ |