References

1

L. F. Abbott and C. van Vreeswijk. Asynchronous states in networks of Pulse-coupled Oscillators, Physical Review E, 48:1483--1490, 1993.

2

D. J. Amit and M. V. Tsodyks. Quantitative Study of Attractor Neural Network retrieving at low rates:1. Substrate Spikes, Rates and Neuronal Gain, Network Com., 2:259--273, 1991.

3

A. Arieli, A. Sterkin, A. Grinvald and A. Aertsen. Large variance in evoked cortical activity can be fully accounted for by the dynamics of on-going activity: A real-time optical imaging study in cat visual cortex. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts, 21:311.10, 1995.

4

W. Bair, C. Koch, W. Newsome, and K. Britten. Power spectrum analysis of MT neurons in the behaving monkey, Journal of Neuroscience, 14:2870--2892, 1994.

5

J. Bergen and B. Julesz. Rapid discrimination of visual patterns, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, SMC-13:857--863, 1983.

6

G. Blasdel. Orientation selectivity, preference and continuity in monkey striate cortex, Journal of Neuroscience, 12:3139--3161, 1992.

7

T. Bonhoeffer and A. Grinvald. The Layout of Iso-orientation Domains in Area 18 of Cat Visual Cortex: Optical Imaging Reveals a Pinwheel-like Organization, Journal of Neuroscience, 13:4157--4180, 1993.

8

J. D. Cowan. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Large Scale Nervous Activity, International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 22:1059--1082, 1982.

9

M. C. Cross and P. C. Hohenberg. Pattern formation outside of equilibrium, Review of Modern Physics, 65:851--1112, 1993.

10

R. Eckhorn, A. Frien, R. Bauer, T. Woelbern, and K. Harald. High frequency (60-90 Hz) oscillations in primary visual cortex of awake monkey, Neuroreport, 4:243--246, 1993.

11

F. Eeckman and W. Freeman. Correlations between unit firing and EEG in the rat olfactory system, Brain Research, 528:238--244, 1990.

12

B. Ermentrout and J. Cowan. Biological Cybernetics, 34:137, 1979.

13

E. Fetz, K. Toyama, and W. Smith. Synaptic interactions between cortical neurons, In A. Peters and E. G. Jones, Cerebral Cortex, Vol. 9, 1--48. Plenum Press, New York, 1991.

14

C. Gilbert and T. Wiesel. Clustered intrinsic connections in cat visual cortex, Journal of Neuroscience, 3:1116--1133, 1983.

15

C. Gray, P. König, A. Engel, and W. Singer. Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortx exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties, Nature, 338:334--337, 1989.

16

C. Gray and W. Singer. Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86:1698--1702, 1989.

17

A. Grinvald, E. E. Lieke, R. D. Frostig, and R. Hildesheim. Cortical Point-spread function and long-range lateral interactions revealed by real-time optical imaging of macaque monkey primary visual cortex, Journal of Neuroscience, 14:2545--2568, 1994.

18

F. Grueneis, M. Nakao, and M. Yamamoto. Counting Statistics of 1/f fluctuations in Neuronal Spike Trains, Biological Cybernetics, 62:407--413, 1990.

19

R. Hess, K. Negishi, and O. Creutzfeldt. The Horizontal Spread of Intracortical Inhibition in the Visual Cortex, Experimental Brain Research, 22:415--419, 1975.

20

J. A. Hirsch and C. D. Gilbert. Synaptic Physiology of Horizontal Connections in the Cat's Visual Cortex, Journal of Neuroscience, 11:1800--1809, 1991.

21

J. J. Hopfield. Neurons with Graded Responses Have Collective Computational Properties Like Those of Two-State Neurons, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 81:3088--3092, 1984.

22

J. J. Hopfield. Neurons, Dynamics, and Computation, Physics Today, 47:40--46, 1994.

23

J. J. Knierim and D. C. van Essen. Neuronal Responses to Static Texture Patterns in Area V1 of the Alert Macaque Monkey, Journal of Neurophysiology, 67:961--980, 1992.

24

B. Knight. Dynamics of encoding in a population of neurons, Journal of General Physiology, 59:734--766, 1972.

25

Y. Komatsu, S. Nakajima, K. Toyama, and E. Fetz. Intracortical connectivity revealed by spike-triggered averaging in slice preparations of cat visual cortex, Brain Research, 442:359--362, 1988.

26

A. K. Kreiter and W. Singer. Oscillatory Neuronal Responses in the Visual Cortex of the Awake Macaque Monkey, European Journal of Neuroscience, 4:369--375, 1992.

27

M. S. Livingstone. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts, 17:733, 1991.

28

J. S. Lund, Y. Takashi, and J. B. Levitt. Comparison of Intrinsic Connectivity of Macaque Monkey Cerebral Cortex, Cerebral Cortex, 3:148--162, 1993.

29

R. Malach, Y. Amir, M. Harel, and A. Grinvald. Relationship between intrinsic connections and functional architecture revealed by optical imaging and in vivo targeted biocytin injections in the primate striate cortex, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 90:10469--10473, 1993.

30

A. Mason, A. Nicoll, and K. Stratford. Synaptic transmission between individual neurons of the rat visual cortex in vitro, Journal of Neuroscience, 11:72--84, 1991.

31

R. Mirollo and S. Strogatz. Synchronization of pulse-coupled biological oscillators, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 50:1645--1662, 1990.

32

V. N. Murthy and E. E. Fetz. Coherent 25- to 35-Hz oscillation in the sensorimotor cortex of awake behaving monkeys, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89:5670--5674, 1992.

33

J. I. Nelson, P. A. Salin, M. H.-J. Munk, M. Arzi, and J. Bullier. Spatial and temporal coherence in cortico-cortical connections: A cross-correlation study in areas 17 and 18 in the cat, Visual Neuroscience, 9:21--38, 1992.

34

J. Nelson and B. Frost. Orientation-selective inhibition from beyond the classic visual receptive field, Brain Research, 139:359--365, 1978.

35

J. I. Nelson, P. A. Salin, M. H.-J. Munk, M. Arzi, and J. Bullier. Spatial and temporal coherence in cortico-cortical connections: a cross-correlation study in areas 17 and 18 in the cat, preprint, 1991.

36

A. C. Newell and J. A. Whitehead. Finite bandwidth, finite amplitude convection, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 38:279--303, 1969.

37

E. Niebur and F. Wörgötter. Design Principles of Columnar Organization in Visual Cortex, Neural Computation, 6:602--614, 1994.

38

Z. Olami, H. J. S. Feder, and K. Christensen. Self-Organized Criticality in a Continuous, Nonconservative Cellular Automaton Modeling Earthquakes, Physical Review Letters, 68:1244--1247, 1992.

39

H. S. Orbach and D. C. van Essen. In vivo tracing of pathways and spatio-temporal activity patterns in rat visual cortex using voltage sensitive dyes, Experimental Brain Research, 94:371--392, 1993.

40

U. Polat and D. Sagi. Lateral Interactions Between Spatial Channels: Suppression and Facilitation Revealed by Lateral Masking Experiments, Vision Research, 33:993--999, 1993.

41

U. Polat and D. Sagi. The Architecture of Perceptual Spatial Interactions, Vision Research, 34:73--78, 1994.

42

M. N. Shadlen and W. T. Newsome. Noise, neural codes and cortical Organization, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4:569--579, 1994.

43

L. R. Silva and B. W. Connors. Spatial distribution of intrinsic cortical neurons that excite or inhibit layer II/III cells: A physiological study of the neocortex in vitro, Society of Neuroscience Abstracts, 12:1435, 1987.

44

W. R. Softky and C. Koch. The Highly Irregular Firing of Cortical Cells Is Inconsistent with Temporal Integration of Random EPSPs, Journal of Neuroscience, 13:334--350, 1993.

45

H. Sompolinsky, D. Golomb, and D. Kleinfeld. Global processing of visual stimuli in a neural network of coupled oscillators, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 87:7200--7204, 1990.

46

M. Stemmler, M. Usher, C. Koch, and Z. Olami. Synchronization, Oscillations, and Noise in Networks of Spiking Neurons, Neural Information Processing Systems 6, 629--638, 1994.

47

M. Stemmler, M. Usher, and E. Niebur. Lateral interactions in primary visual cortex: a model bridging physiology to psychophysics." Science, 269:1877-1880, 1995.

48

M. C. Teich, R. G. Turkott, and R. M. Siegel. Response Variability and Long-duration Correlation in the Sequence of Action Potentials in Cat Striate-cortex Neurons, in preparation, 1995.

49

M. C. Teich. Fractal character of the auditory neural spike train, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 36:150--160, 1989.

50

M. C. Teich. Fractal Neuronal Firing Patterns, In McKenna, T., Davis, J., and Zornetzer, S. F., Single Neuron Computation, 589--625. Academic Press, San Diego, 1992.

51

K. Toyama, M. Kimura, and K. Tanaka. Cross-correlation analysis of interneuronal connectivity in cat visual cortex, Journal of Neurophysiology, 46:191--201, 1981.

52

A. Treves. Mean-Field Analysis of Neuronal Spike Dynamics, Network Com., 4:259--284, 1993.

53

M. Tsodyks, I. Mitkov, and H. Sompolinsky. Pattern of synchrony in Inhomogeneous Networks of Oscillators with Pulse Interactions, Physical Review Letters, 71:1280--1283, 1993.

54

M. V. Tsodyks and T. Sejnowski. Rapid State Switching in Balanced Cortical Network Models, Network Computation in Neural Systems, 6:111--124, 1995.

55

M. Usher, M. Stemmler, C. Koch, and Z. Olami. Network Amplification of Local Fluctuations Causes High Spike Rate Variability, Fractal Firing Patterns and Oscillatory Local Field Potentials, Neural Computation, 6:795--836, 1994.

56

M. Usher, M. Stemmler, and Z. Olami. Pattern formation, 1/f noise and fractal signals for locally connected neural networks, Physical Review Letters, 74:326--329, 1995.

57

M. Usher and E. Niebur. Stimulus-dependent synchronization in a model of orientation-tuned spiking neurons, Proceedings of CNS94, 1994.

58

M. Usher, M. Stemmler, C. Koch, and Z. Olami. Network Amplification of Local Fluctuations Causes High Spike Rate Variability, Fractal Firing Patterns, and Oscillatory Local Field Potentials, Neural Computation, 6:795--836, 1994.

59

G. Westheimer. Simultaneous orientation contrast for lines in the human fovea, Vision Research, 30:1913--1921, 1990.

60

M. E. Wise. Spike Interval Distributions for Neurons and Random Walks with Drift to a Fluctuating Threshold, Statistical Distributions in Scientific Work, 6:211--231, 1981.

61

F. Wörgötter, E. Niebur, and C. Koch. Isotropic connections generate functional asymmetrical behavior in visual cortical cells, Journal of Neurophysiology, 66:444--459, 1991.