Not everyone accepts the representation hypothesis. Some alternatives include:

• Analog information, as in homeostatic control (e.g., regulation of body temperature).

• Special-purpose hardware, such as line detectors in early vision processing.

• Neural networks with weights on the connections between neurons. It may be difficult or impossible to identify ``symbols'' in such a network; the knowledge is represented by the totality of the set of weights.

• Holograms and various mystical alternatives.

Critics include Brooks,[Brooks, Rodney A., ``Intelligence without representation'', Artificial Intelligence 47 (1991), 139-159.] McDermott, Dreyfus, Searle.

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