TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE NEEDED:
==========================

1. Synonyms
2. Hypernyms
3. Noun-adjective associations
4. Adverb-adjective associations, for the general transformation
5. Irregular singular/plurals
6. Noun-verb-adjectives relationships (special case of morphology)
7. Causative/inchoative/stative relationships:
8. Role names and their relation to verb argument positions
9. Verb/Nominalization links (morphology; also see 8. role names)
10. Proper name classification
11. Function/purpose of artifacts (Telic roles). (Some overlap with 12)
12. Typical co-occurences/selectional restrictions. (Some overlap with 11)
13. General knowledge - core theory level
14. Specific world knowledge (esp. definitional knowledge, possibly from WN).
15. Actions: preconditions and effects
16. NN/PP disambiguation: Need to know typical relationships between entities
17. Transfers thru/Transparancy/transformation/metonymy rules
18. Some other specific linguistic challenges:
19. Other database-like world knowledge

Notes: 
 * Examples below refer to word senses (classes), rather than just words.
 * Some refer to H's no longer in the final question set 
 * Some H's require multiple pieces of knowledge

Boeing-Princeton-ISI, 12/12/06.

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1. Synonyms
   3.H8 {"death penalty","execution"} (in WN)
   4.H2 {"buy","purchase"}
   5.H2 {"suspend","end"}
   13.H2 {"associate","connect"}
   14.H4 {"curb","restrict"}
   17.H11 {"hit","collide"}
   19.H3 {"release"(v),"free"(v)}
   25.H4 {"hold","host"} - synonyms (missing in WN)
   26.H4 {"commit","promise"} (missing in WN)
   28.H5 {"reject","decline"} (in WN)
   29.H3 {"enter","get into"} (in WN)
   33.H4 {"crowd","people"} (missing in WN)
   38.H1 {"own","have"} (in WN)
   39.H1 {"many","large number"} (not linked in WN, although each in WN)
   42.H1 {"before","sooner"} - (missing in WN)
   42.H2 {"after","later"} (in WN)
   44.H1 {"great","expert"} (adjectives) (missing in WN)
   48.H1 {"acts of terrorism","terrorist acts"} (in WN)
   55.H1 {"over","finished"} should be (but aren't) synonyms in WN
   58.H3 {"disease","illness"}

2. Hypernyms [Note with verbs, need to match predicate arguments correctly too]
   11.H3 demand -> request
   14.H4 labor -> people [would like labor -> workers, but not in WN]
   15.H6 spike(n) -> increase(n)
   18.H5 ban -> prohibit
   20.H4 draw -> attract
   21.H2 consume -> eat [in WN]
   22.H3 witness -> person
   27.H1 military -> armed forces
   29.H2 stop_v3 -> prevent_v1 (in WN)
         foodstuff -> food (in WN)
   31.H3 escape -> leave (in WN)
         leave -> move (not in WN; or should this be leave -involves-> move?)
         fly -> go
   32.H1 soldier -> serviceman (in WN)
         engage -> fight (in WN)     
   37.H1 delay -> wait  
   38.H1 golden retriever -> dog
   41.H1 order -> ask (not in WN)
   42.H1 burn out -> fail (in WN)
   45.H1 novel -> book
   47.H4 convention -> agreement 
   48.H1 sponsor(x,y:generic-event) -> supports(x,y). [WN has this]
   56.H1 track-down(x,y) -> catch(x,y)   [bit strange but in WN]
   57.H1 ambush(x,y) -> attack(x,y)      [bit strange but in WN]
   60.H2 button -> switch (hypernym)
   61.H3 hit(x,y) -> arrive-at(x,y)

3. Noun-adjective associations
   10.H4 African -> of Africa   [e.g., from Africa]
   13.H3 mental -> of the mind  (e.g., mental decline)
   19.H1 Filipino -> from Philippines
         For people, we need to assert they're citizens/natives
   31.H1 Iraqi -> from/to do with Iraq
         Kuwaiti -> from/to do with Kuwait

4. Adverb-adjective associations, for the general transformation
	 <verb> <adverb> -> <adjective> <nominalization>
	 e.g., "request forcefully" -> "forceful request"
   11.H5 forcefully(r) -> forceful(a) [is in WN]
   13.H2 mentally -> mental   (mentally declining - mental decline)

5. Irregular singular/plurals
   22.H3 witness -> person, so witnesses -> people

6. Noun-verb-adjectives relationships (special case of morphology)
   There are clear, regular patterns here.
   6.H3 armed -> having arms    - here the noun (arms) derives the verb (armed)
	Is there a general rule here? <noun>ed -> have <noun>?  (but "housed"?)
   23.H5 delay(v) - delay(n) - delayed(a) 
   27.H3 strengthen(v) -> strong(a)
         ALSO: strengthen(v) -> stronger(a) ; (WN doesn't have -er adjectives)
   43.H1 WN [missing] clean up/tidy (v) -> tidy (a)
   49.H1,8 dent(v) -> result = a dent(n)

7. Causative/inchoative/stative relationships:
      John broke the window <-> the window broke <-> The window is broken
   52.H1 The man drove to school by car -> The car drove to school.

8. Role names and their relation to verb argument positions
    (Often morphological; closely related to 9. Verb/nominalizations)
   21.H2 consumer -> consume
   40.H6 "victim" : x is victim of attack -> x was attacked
   44.H2 "tennis player" -> "plays tennis"
   47.H1 signatory -> signed

9. Verb/Nominalization links (morphology; also see 8. role names)
   1.H1 WN violence (n) -> aggression (n) -> aggress (v) = attack (v)
   3.H8 WN execution(n) -> execute(v)
   9.H4 performance(n) -> perform(v)
   10.H1 "x's adoption of y" -> adopt(x,y)
   13.H3 "mental" -> "of the mind"  ("mental decline")
   15.H4 Tricky: Need "violence" is an event, even though no verbal form.
   15.H6 increase(n) -> increase(v)
   15.H7 spike(n) -> spike(v) [WN missing this for spike_n5]
   15.H2 death -> die
   26.H3 recommit(x,y) -> commit(x,y) - this is an interesting one!
   31.H1 invasion -> invade
   46.H3 "de-" prefix: de<x> -> remove <x>s  (decontaminant, decontaminate)
   48.H1 "acts of terrorism" <-> "terrorist acts"
   57.H1 ambush(e) -> ambush(e,x,y)
   65.H1 in general: <nominalization> of <object> -> <verb> theme <object>

10. Proper name classification
   3.H1 "Hanssen" is a person's name.
   4.H1 "A.Q. Khan" is a person's name.
   6.H1 "Associated Press" is a company name.
   8.H1 "Jeffery Skilling" is a person's name, "Enron" a company.
   9.H1 "Apple" is a company name.
   26.H1 "Dell" is a company name.
   27.H1 "the Gulf" is a place.
   30.H1 "Panam" is (was) an commercial airline.
   38.H1 "Golden Retriever" is a breed of dog.

11. Function/purpose of artifacts (Telic roles). (Some overlap with 12)
   31.H3 airplanes typically fly
   39.H3 purpose(camera,photograph)	; ?
   52.H1 come by car -> drive by car

12. Typical co-occurences/selectional restrictions. (Some overlap with 11)
   17.H4 move(train,to b,on c) -> c = track  ; trains typically move on tracks
   30.H2 fly(x,y) -> [probably] isa(x,airplane)
   41.H2 "ordering food" typically happens in a restaurant
   45.H2 read(x,y) -> [probably] isa(y,written-material)
   47.H5 sign(x,y) -> [probably] isa(y,document).   

13. General knowledge - core theory level
   9.H3 X improves <metric> -> X makes <metric> better  [WN has this]
   11.H2 demand(x,y) -> want(x,y) ; is this a precondition or implication?
   13.H2 "x becomes y" -> y(x)    ; e.g., "become old"
   13.H3 Symmetry: connected(x,y) -> connected(y,x)
   15.H2 <observe>(<agent>,<change-noun>), in(<change-noun>,<event>) 
	    -> <observe>(<agent>,<event>) ; e.g., "see spike in X" -> "see X"
   15.H3 The below is a rather heuristic rule about colocation:
         <event>(x,y,location z) -> location(x,z), location(y,z)
         Similar one for contemporoneity.
   15.H4 For human events: <event>(agent,...) <-> causes(agent,<event>)
   15.H8 increase(in x) -> greater(x)
   15.H9 increase(in x) -> more(x)
   15.H10 spike in x -> x (e.g., x = violence)
   20.H4 attract(x,y) -> want(y,<event>(y,x))  
	 e.g., x = orchestra, <event> = listen to
	 Attraction causes desire, but the nature of that desire depends on 
	 the situation, e.g., orchestra attracts crowds -> crowds 
	 want to listen to the orchestra.
   23.H5 later(a) -> late(a)  - is this ok? Often true for all comparatives?
   24.H3 engage(x,y,for <event>) -> <event>(y,for x) ; engage for work -> work
   25.H1 <season> <event> -> occurs-in(<event>,<season>) ; "winter olympics" 
   27.H1 Special behavior of "presence": "Military presence" -> "Military"	  
   27.H3 More soldiers -> stronger force ; very hard!
         Or more generally: what does "strengthen" mean in different contexts?
   28.H5 decline(x,y) -> not(want(x,y))
   29.H1 deliver(x,y,to z) -involves-> enter(x and y,z) ; heuristic & see 31.H3
   29.H2 If an action is prevented, then the action (or any action 
         requiring it) cannot happen. How to formalize this?
   30.H4 events and objects are typically (when?) all in close proximity.
   30.H6 [typically] damaged things can't perform their function:
         function(x,<event>(..x..)) & damaged(x) -> not(<event>(..x..))
   31.H3 leave -involves-> move (see 29.H1 also)
   33.H3 allow(x,<event>) -> <event> ; pragmatic not logical implication
   33.H4 allow(x,<event>(y,z)) -> want(y,<event>(y,z)) ; pragmatic rule  
   34.H1 Handling negation: forbid x -> require not(x). 
         See also "Some specific linguistic challenges" below.
   35.H3 forbid(x,<event>) -> not(want(x,<event>))
   36.H1 "try"? try-to(x,<event>) -> want(x,<event>)? goal(x,<event>)?
   37.H1 Heuristic: agree(x,to <event>) -> <event>
   39.H2 IF X is a typical example of Y
         THEN many instances of Y have X's properties.  How do formalize this?
   39.H3 have(x,y) & purpose(y,<event>) -> capable-of(x,<event>(x,?))
         e.g., have a camera -> can take pictures
   39.H4 part(x,y) part(y,z) -> part(x,z) ; Part transitivity
   41.H1 ask(x,y,for z) -> want(x,z)
   42.H3 The notion of something "lasting": lasts(x,until y) -> fails(x,at y)?
   44.H2 Need a scale: "bad", "average", "good", "great" to relate these.
   46.H3 IF X gets Y THEN X wants to perform the thing that Y is intended 
	 to be used for
   46.H3 IF someone provides somebody with X THEN the somebody wants X.
   49.H7 <damage>(x) & part-of(x,y) -> <damage>(y)
   53.H1 cool(x,y) -> cooler(y) [with respect to what?] - can generalize this?
   65.H4 IF X is part of Y, and Y is an artifact THEN X is used by Y (?)

14. Specific world knowledge (esp. definitional knowledge, possibly from WN).
   Some might be represented using FrameNet style frames.
   1.H4 violence -causes-> damage  ; or causality in general
   2.H4 test(x) -> make x do its thing, and study the results
        test(x,y) & purpose(y,<event>) 
                                 -> <event>(x,y) & observe(x,result(<event>))
   3.H6 X sells Y to Z -> X receives money from Z
   8.H10 sentence(x,y) -entails-> convict(x,y)  [this one's there]
   15.H7 spike(x) -> increase(x), decrease(x) 
   16.H6 bleed(x) -> lose(x,blood)
   17.H3 hit/collide(x,y) -> move(x) ; e.g., x = train. [WN doesn't have this]
   17.H10 hit(x,y) -> injure(x,y) [not in WN]
   22.H1 delays(organization, release(x)) -> not( on-time(release(x)))
   46.H1 provide -isa-> transfer -perspectives-> give, receive
   48.H1 sponsor(x,y:generic-event) -> supports(x,y). [WN has this]
   52.H2 drive(x,y) -> transport(x,y)
   52.H3 x transports y -> [typically] x contains y
   53.H2,3 cool(x,y) -> reduce(x,temperature(y))
   54.H1 visit(x,y) -> travel(x, to y)
   56.H2 track-down(x,y) -> find(x,y)
   56.H3 track-down(x,y) -> chase(x,y)
   57.H2 ambush(x,y) -> precondition(concealed(x)) & attack(x,y,by[manner] z) 
		   & surprise(z)
   57.H3 ambush(x,y) -> people(x) & concealed(x) 
   58.H1 is-authority-on(x,y) -> has-expertise-about(x,y)
   59.H1 buy(x,y,from z) -> pay(x,y,amount a,for z)   
   62.H2 search(x,y,for z) -> try(find(x,z,in y))
   63.H2 rocket_v(x,y) -> propel with a rocket
   65.H2 recall(x,y) -> defective(y) - WN gives us this

15. Actions: preconditions and effects
   NB: Really want to interpret "-> effect()" as "-causes-> effect()"
      to answer causality questions (e.g., 30.H4)
   4.H2 buy(x,y,from z) -> precondition(has(z,y))
   4.H4 buy(x,y,from z) -> sell(z,y,to x)
   4.H7 buy(x,y) -> effect(has(x,y))
   5.H3 x ends <nominalization> of y -> precondition(<event>(x,y))
   9.H3 make(x,<state>) -> effect(<state>) ; also see 53.H1
   11.H1 stop(<event>) -> precondition(<event>) (eg. "stop producing")
   12.H6 remove(x,y,from z) -> precondition(on(y,z)) ; not always true!
   26.H3 commit(x,y) -> precondition(want(x,y))
   29.H4 enter(x,y) -> precondition(outside(x,y))
   30.H4 explode(x) & near(x,y) -> effect(damaged(y))
   46.H2 provide(x,y,with z) -> precondition(possesses(x,z))
   49.H3 dent(x,y) -> effect(damaged(y)) [FrameNet has this]
   49.H8 dent(x,y) -> effect(dented(y))
   51.H1 travel(x,to y) -> effect(location(x,y))
   53.H1 "make cooler" -> cool ; also see 9.H3
   55.H2 stay(x,in y) -> in(x,y)
   59.H2 buy(x,y) -> has(x,y) or postcondition(has(x,y))
   59.H3 buy(x,y) -> [probably] precondition(want(x,y))

16. NN/PP disambiguation: Need to know typical relationships between entities
   1.H2 "last night's violence" -> "during last night"
   2.H3 "test missile" -> "missile was tested"
   3.H3 "FBI secrets" -> "secrets owned by FBI"
   8.H2 "Enron executive X" -> X worked for Enronxo
   19.H2 "baby David" -> baby named David
   17.H2 "Union Pacific train" -> train operated by Union Pacific
   19.H1 "Filipino hostage" -> hostage nationality Philippines
   25.H1 "Winter Olympics" -> Olympics during winter
   27.H1 "military force" -> "military", "red color" -> "red" (special type of
	 NN compound)
   27.H1 "in the Gulf" -> "located in the Gulf"
   49.H4 "dented in an accident" 
        -> accident caused the denting, denting was during the accident.
   44.H2 NN compound manipulation: "tennis player" -> "plays tennis"
   65.H2 "laptop batteries" -> batteries part-of/used-in/used-by laptops

17. Transfers thru/Transparancy/transformation/metonymy rules
   3.H8 receives(x,<nominalization>) -> <verb>(y,x)
        Also others: performs(x,<nominalization>), etc.
   5.H4 <event>(x,y) -> decide(<x>,to <event>)  for intensional <event>s only
   6.H3 "Group of men" -> "men" (also see 17.H11)
   7.H1 do(x,<nominalization>) -> <event>(x,y)
   8.H9 ;;; "x sentenced for a murder" -> "x murdered"
        sentence(x,y,for <nominalization>) -> <event>(y,z)
        ;;; "x led a deception" -> "x deceived"
        lead(x,<nominalization>) -> <event>(x,y)
   9.H3 make(x,<state>) -> <state>  [or is this an "effects" rule?]
   11.H3 make(x,<nominalization>) -> <verb> ("make a request" -> "requests")
         [Only for some nominalizations. Which ones?] Also see 35.H1.
   14.H4 "put/place curbs(n) on" -> "curb"(v)  - can we generalize this?
   17.H11 "people" <-> "group of people" (also see 6.H3)
   19.H3 x frees y -> x lets y go free
   20.H2 Japan -> people of Japan (see also 35.H1,58.H2)
   24.H3 engage(x,y,for <event>) -> <event>(y,for x) ; engage for work -> work
   30.H3 "managed to escape" -> "escaped" [for many verbs]
   32.H1 "begin a fight" -> "fight"
   34.H1 work(v) -> have work(n) ; or some generalization of this	
   35.H1 "decide" -> "make a decision" (also see 9.H3)
         Administration -> people in the Administration (see also 20.H2,58.H2)
   37.H1 Heuristic: agree(x,to <event>) -> <event>
         wait(x,on/to <event>) -> delayed(<event>)  ; bit specific (?)
   <no-ex> The causality chain: causes(x,y), result(y,z) -> causes(x,z)
   58.H2 "tranfer through" rules, such as: has(x:agency,y:expertise)
	  -> has(x:agency,z:person), has(z:person,y:expertise) 
	 [Or could view this as metonymy. See 20.H2,35.H1 also]

18. Some other specific linguistic challenges:
   11.H2 "demand that" -> "want" - how to handle the "that" (also see 26.H4)
   16.H2 "X bled to death" -> death is of X
         IF X is the agent of Y, and the result of Y is Z
	 THEN X is the agent of Z.
   17.H4 aligning the prepositions 
         [train] "on track" = "along track" = path is a track
   22.H3 NN manipulation "gas canister" -> "canister of gas"
   26.H1 How to handle idioms like "doing its best" (also see 39.H3)
   26.H4 "promise that" -> "commit" - how to handle "that" (also see 11.H2)
   29.H1-3 Handle "cannot", as in "Food cannot be delivered"
   30.H1 Recognizing numbered instances, e.g., "flight 103"
   31.H3 Particle verbs - should WN enumerate all these? 
	 fly away, move away, run away, slink away...
   32.H1 Handling two-agent events, e.g., fight, react:
	   fight(x,against/with y) <-> fight(x,y)
   34.H1 Expressing negation linguistically:
	 "women have a job" ->
	 "women do not have a job"/"women cannot have a job"
   36.H4 Negation: "without x" -> "have no x"
   39.H3 How to handle idiom "take pictures"? (also see 26.H1)
   41.H1 "<quantity> of <thing>" -> quantity(<thing>,<quantity>)
	 (cf. "the engine of the car" -> engine vs. "10kg of meat" -> meat)
   42.T  Filling in ellipsis: 
         "Incandescent bulbs burn out sooner than LEDs [burn out]."
   42.H1 "before" <-> "sooner than": How do we handle "than"?

19. Other database-like world knowledge
   32.H1 type-has-member-type(troop,serviceman)
   39.H4 part(camera,lens)
   42.H2 antonyms: before(x,y) <-> after(y,x)

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