;;; ================== 1 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Acids have a sour taste.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)

===>

EXISTS _Taste0:

(_Taste0 instance-of Taste-Value)
-
(_Acid0 taste _Taste0)
(_Taste0 value *sour)

;;; ================== 2 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Acids cause some dyes to change color.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)

===>

EXISTS _Dye0, _Color0, _Change0:

(_Change0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Color0 instance-of Color-Value)
(_Dye0 instance-of Substance)
-
(_Acid0 causes '((_Change0 raw-material _Dye0) (_Change0 object _Color0)))

;;; ================== 3 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Bases have a bitter taste.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)

===>

EXISTS _Taste0:

(_Taste0 instance-of Taste-Value)
-
(_Base0 taste _Taste0)
(_Taste0 value *bitter)

;;; ================== 4 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Bases have a slippery feel.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)

===>

EXISTS _Feel0:

(_Feel0 instance-of Sense)
-
(_Base0 possesses _Feel0)
(_Feel0 related-to *slippery)

;;; ================== 5 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; All acids contain hydrogen.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)

===>

EXISTS _Hydrogen0, _Contain0:

(_Contain0 instance-of Contain)
(_Hydrogen0 instance-of H)
-
(_Contain0 agent _Acid0)
(_Contain0 object _Hydrogen0)

;;; ================== 6 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Some substances containing hydrogen are not acids.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Some substances containing hydrogen are bases.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hydrogen0, _Contain0, _Substance0:

(_Hydrogen0 instance-of H)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Contain0 instance-of Contain)
(_Contain0 agent _Substance0)
(_Contain0 object _Hydrogen0)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(_Substance0 equal _Base0)

;;; ================== 7 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Acids are substances.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)

===>

EXISTS _Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
-
(_Acid0 equal _Substance0)

;;; ================== 8 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An Arrhenius acid produces H-plus ions in water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Arrhenius Acid0:

(|_Arrhenius Acid0| instance-of Arrhenius-Acid)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _H-Plus0, _Water0, _Produce0:

(_Produce0 instance-of Produce)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)
(_Produce0 agent |_Arrhenius Acid0|)
(_Produce0 object _Ion0)
(_Produce0 is-inside _Water0)

;;; ================== 9 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Bases are substances.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)

===>

EXISTS _Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
-
(_Base0 equal _Substance0)

;;; ================== 10 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An Arrhenius base produces OH-minus ions in water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Arrhenius Base0:

(|_Arrhenius Base0| instance-of Arrhenius-Base)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _Oh-Minus0, _Water0, _Produce0:

(_Produce0 instance-of Produce)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Oh-Minus0 instance-of OH-Minus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Oh-Minus0)
(_Produce0 agent |_Arrhenius Base0|)
(_Produce0 object _Ion0)
(_Produce0 is-inside _Water0)

;;; ================== 11 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The properties of aqueous solutions of Arrhenius acids are due to H-plus ions.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid0, _Solution0, _Property0:

(_Solution0 instance-of Solution)
(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
(_Property0 instance-of Property)
(_Solution0 physical-state *aqueous)
(_Solution0 has-solute _Acid0)
(_Acid0 related-to *Arrhenius)
(_Property0 property-of _Solution0)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _H-Plus0:

(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)
(_Property0 related-to _Ion0)

;;; ================== 12 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The properties of aqueous solutions of Arrhenius bases are due to OH-minus ions.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0, _Solution0, _Property0:

(_Solution0 instance-of Solution)
(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Property0 instance-of Property)
(_Solution0 physical-state *aqueous)
(_Solution0 has-solute _Base0)
(_Base0 related-to *Arrhenius)
(_Property0 property-of _Solution0)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _Oh-Minus0:

(_Oh-Minus0 instance-of OH-Minus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Oh-Minus0)
(_Property0 related-to _Ion0)

;;; ================== 13 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Any Arrhenius acid dissolved in water increases the concentration of H-plus ions in the water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Water0, _Dissolve0, _Arrhenius Acid0:

(|_Arrhenius Acid0| instance-of Arrhenius-Acid)
(_Dissolve0 instance-of Dissolve)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Dissolve0 object |_Arrhenius Acid0|)
(_Dissolve0 is-inside _Water0)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _H-Plus0, _Concentration0, _Water1, _Increase0:

(_Increase0 instance-of Increase)
(_Water1 instance-of H2O)
(_Concentration0 instance-of Concentration-Value)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)
(_Concentration0 concentration-of _Ion0)
(_Increase0 agent |_Arrhenius Acid0|)
(_Increase0 object _Concentration0)
(_Increase0 is-inside _Water1)

;;; ================== 14 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Any Arrhenius base dissolved in water increases the concentration of OH-minus ions in the water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Water0, _Dissolve0, _Arrhenius Base0:

(|_Arrhenius Base0| instance-of Arrhenius-Base)
(_Dissolve0 instance-of Dissolve)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Dissolve0 object |_Arrhenius Base0|)
(_Dissolve0 is-inside _Water0)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _Oh-Minus0, _Concentration0, _Water1, _Increase0:

(_Increase0 instance-of Increase)
(_Water1 instance-of H2O)
(_Concentration0 instance-of Concentration-Value)
(_Oh-Minus0 instance-of OH-Minus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Oh-Minus0)
(_Concentration0 concentration-of _Ion0)
(_Increase0 agent |_Arrhenius Base0|)
(_Increase0 object _Concentration0)
(_Increase0 is-inside _Water1)

;;; ================== 15 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Hydrogen chloride is an Arrhenius acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hydrogen Chloride0:

(|_Hydrogen Chloride0| instance-of HCl)

===>

EXISTS _Arrhenius Acid0:

(|_Arrhenius Acid0| instance-of Arrhenius-Acid)
-
(|_Hydrogen Chloride0| related-to |_Arrhenius Acid0|)

;;; ================== 16 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Hydrogen chloride gas is highly soluble in water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hydrogen Chloride0, _Gas0:

(_Gas0 instance-of Gas-Substance)
(|_Hydrogen Chloride0| instance-of HCl)
(_Gas0 has-basic-structural-unit |_Hydrogen Chloride0|)

===>

EXISTS _Water0, _Highly0:

(_Highly0 instance-of Highly)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
-
(_Gas0 property *soluble)
(*soluble related-to _Highly0)

;;; ================== 17 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Hydrogen chloride gas in water reacts with the water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Water0, _Hydrogen Chloride0, _Gas0:

(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Gas0 instance-of Gas-Substance)
(|_Hydrogen Chloride0| instance-of HCl)
(_Gas0 has-basic-structural-unit |_Hydrogen Chloride0|)
(_Gas0 is-inside _Water0)

===>

EXISTS _Water1, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Water1 instance-of H2O)
-
(_React0 raw-material _Gas0)
(_React0 raw-material _Water1)

;;; ================== 18 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reaction produces H-plus ions and Cl-minus ions.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _H-Plus0, _Ion1, _Cl-Minus0:

(_Cl-Minus0 instance-of Cl-Minus)
(_Ion1 instance-of Ion)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Reaction0 result _Ion0)
(_Reaction0 result _Ion1)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)
(_Ion1 is-ion-of _Cl-Minus0)

;;; ================== 19 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HCl is hydrogen chloride.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hcl0:

(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)

===>

EXISTS _Hydrogen Chloride0:

(|_Hydrogen Chloride0| instance-of HCl)
-
(_Hcl0 equal |_Hydrogen Chloride0|)

;;; ================== 20 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of HCl.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hydrochloric Acid0:

(|_Hydrochloric Acid0| instance-of HCl)

===>

EXISTS _Hcl0, _Aqueous Solution0:

(|_Aqueous Solution0| instance-of Aqueous-Solution)
(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
-
(|_Hydrochloric Acid0| related-to |_Aqueous Solution0|)
(|_Aqueous Solution0| has-basic-structural-unit _Hcl0)

;;; ================== 21 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; 37 percent of the mass of concentrated hydrochloric acid is HCl.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hydrochloric Acid0, _Mass0, _Percent0:

(_Mass0 instance-of Mass-Value)
(|_Hydrochloric Acid0| instance-of HCl)
(_Percent0 instance-of Conceptual-Entity)
(_Mass0 mass-of |_Hydrochloric Acid0|)
(|_Hydrochloric Acid0| property *concentrated)
(_Percent0 count 37)
(_Percent0 property-of _Mass0)

===>

EXISTS _Hcl0:

(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
-
(_Percent0 property _Hcl0)

;;; ================== 22 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The concentration of HCl in concentrated hydrochloric acid is 12 M.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hydrochloric Acid0, _Hcl0, _Concentration0:

(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(|_Hydrochloric Acid0| instance-of HCl)
(_Concentration0 instance-of Concentration-Value)
(_Concentration0 instance-of Property-Value)
(_Hcl0 is-inside |_Hydrochloric Acid0|)
(|_Hydrochloric Acid0| property *concentrated)
(_Concentration0 concentration-of _Hcl0)

===>

(_Concentration0 value (:pair 12 *molar))

;;; ================== 23 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Sodium hydroxide is an Arrhenius base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Sodium Hydroxide0:

(|_Sodium Hydroxide0| instance-of NaOH)

===>

EXISTS _Arrhenius Base0:

(|_Arrhenius Base0| instance-of Arrhenius-Base)
-
(|_Sodium Hydroxide0| related-to |_Arrhenius Base0|)

;;; ================== 24 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NaOH is sodium hydroxide.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Naoh0:

(_Naoh0 instance-of NaOH)

===>

EXISTS _Sodium Hydroxide0:

(|_Sodium Hydroxide0| instance-of NaOH)
-
(_Naoh0 equal |_Sodium Hydroxide0|)

;;; ================== 25 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NaOH is an ionic compound.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Naoh0:

(_Naoh0 instance-of NaOH)

===>

EXISTS _Ionic Compound0:

(|_Ionic Compound0| instance-of Ionic-Compound)
-
(_Naoh0 equal |_Ionic Compound0|)

;;; ================== 26 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NaOH dissolves in water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Naoh0:

(_Naoh0 instance-of NaOH)

===>

EXISTS _Water0, _Dissolve0:

(_Dissolve0 instance-of Dissolve)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
-
(_Dissolve0 agent _Naoh0)
(_Dissolve0 is-inside _Water0)

;;; ================== 27 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NaOH dissociates in water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Naoh0:

(_Naoh0 instance-of NaOH)

===>

EXISTS _Water0, _Dissociate0:

(_Dissociate0 instance-of Complete-Dissociation-Reaction)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
-
(_Dissociate0 raw-material _Naoh0)
(_Dissociate0 is-inside _Water0)

;;; ================== 28 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The dissociating produces Na-plus ions and OH-minus ions.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Dissociating0:

(_Dissociating0 instance-of Complete-Dissociation-Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _Na-Plus0, _Ion1, _Oh-Minus0:

(_Oh-Minus0 instance-of OH-Minus)
(_Ion1 instance-of Ion)
(_Na-Plus0 instance-of Na-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Dissociating0 result _Ion0)
(_Dissociating0 result _Ion1)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Na-Plus0)
(_Ion1 is-ion-of _Oh-Minus0)

;;; ================== 29 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Arrhenius acids and Arrhenius bases are defined only for aqueous solutions.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Arrhenius0, _Acid0, _Base0, _Solution0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
(_Arrhenius0 instance-of Arrhenius)
(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Solution0 instance-of Solution)
-
(*defined related-to _Solution0)
(_Base0 related-to *defined)
(_Acid0 related-to *defined)
(_Solution0 physical-state *aqueous)
(_Base0 related-to *Arrhenius)
(_Acid0 related-to _Arrhenius0)

;;; ================== 30 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Bronsted-Lowry acids are more general than Arrhenius acids.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Arrhenius acids are Bronsted-Lowry acids.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Arrhenius0, _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
(_Arrhenius0 instance-of Arrhenius)
(_Acid0 related-to _Arrhenius0)

===>

EXISTS _Acid1:

(_Acid1 instance-of Acid)
-
(_Acid0 equal _Acid1)
(_Acid1 related-to *Lowry)

;;; ================== 31 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Bronsted-Lowry bases are more general than Arrhenius bases.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Arrhenius bases are Bronsted-Lowry bases.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Arrhenius0, _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Arrhenius0 instance-of Arrhenius)
(_Base0 related-to _Arrhenius0)

===>

EXISTS _Base1:

(_Base1 instance-of Base)
-
(_Base0 equal _Base1)
(_Base1 related-to *Lowry)

;;; ================== 32 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
; [begin subsection: The H-plus Ion in Water]
;;; An H-plus ion is a proton with no valence electron.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An H-plus ion is a proton with zero valence electrons.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H-Plus0, _Ion0:

(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)

===>

EXISTS _Electron0, _Valence0, _Proton0:

(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(_Valence0 instance-of Conceptual-Entity)
(_Electron0 instance-of Electron)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Proton0)
(_Electron0 count 0)
(_Electron0 is-part-of _Valence0)
(_Proton0 related-to _Electron0)

;;; ================== 33 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An H-plus ion is a small particle.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H-Plus0, _Ion0:

(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)

===>

EXISTS _Particle0:

(_Particle0 instance-of Substance)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Particle0)
(_Particle0 property *small)

;;; ================== 34 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An H-plus ion has a positive charge.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H-Plus0, _Ion0:

(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)

===>

EXISTS _Charge0:

(_Charge0 instance-of Charge-Value)
-
(_Ion0 charge _Charge0)
(_Charge0 property *positive)

;;; ================== 35 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; An H-plus ion reacts strongly with the nonbonding electron pair of a water molecule.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An H-plus ion reacts with the two nonbonding electrons of a water molecule.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H-Plus0, _Ion0:

(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)

===>

EXISTS _Water Molecule0, _Electron0, _Nonbonding0, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Nonbonding0 instance-of Nonbonding)
(_Electron0 instance-of Electron)
(|_Water Molecule0| instance-of Water-Molecule)
-
(_Electron0 count 2)
(_Electron0 related-to _Nonbonding0)
(_Electron0 is-part-of |_Water Molecule0|)
(_React0 raw-material _Ion0)
(_React0 raw-material _Electron0)

;;; ================== 36 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reaction produces a hydronium ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Hydronium Ion0:

(|_Hydronium Ion0| instance-of Hydronium-Ion)
-
(_Reaction0 result |_Hydronium Ion0|)

;;; ================== 37 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HO3-plus is a hydronium ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Ho3 Plus0:

(|_Ho3 Plus0| instance-of HO3-Plus)

===>

EXISTS _Hydronium Ion0:

(|_Hydronium Ion0| instance-of Hydronium-Ion)
-
(|_Ho3 Plus0| property |_Hydronium Ion0|)

;;; ================== 38 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; An HO3-plus ion sometimes reacts with an H2O molecule.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An HO3-plus ion reacts with an H2O molecule.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Ho3-Plus0, _Ion0:

(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_Ho3-Plus0 instance-of HO3-Plus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Ho3-Plus0)

===>

EXISTS _Molecule0, _H2o0, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
-
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)
(_React0 raw-material _Ion0)
(_React0 raw-material _Molecule0)

;;; ================== 39 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reaction produces an H5O2-plus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _H5o2 Plus0:

(|_H5o2 Plus0| instance-of H5O2-plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Reaction0 result _Ion0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_H5o2 Plus0|)

;;; ================== 40 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; An HO3-plus ion sometimes reacts with three H2O molecules.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An HO3-plus ion reacts with three H2O molecules.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Ho3-Plus0, _Ion0:

(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_Ho3-Plus0 instance-of HO3-Plus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Ho3-Plus0)

===>

EXISTS _Molecule0, _H2o0, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
-
(_Molecule0 count 3)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)
(_React0 raw-material _Ion0)
(_React0 raw-material _Molecule0)

;;; ================== 41 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reaction produces an H9O4-plus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _H9o4 Plus0:

(|_H9o4 Plus0| instance-of H9O4-plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Reaction0 result _Ion0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_H9o4 Plus0|)

;;; ================== 42 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; An H-plus ion in water is quickly converted to an HO3-plus ion.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An H-plus ion in water is converted to an HO3-plus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H-Plus0, _Water0, _Ho3-Plus0, _Ion0, _Convert0, _Ion1:

(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion1 instance-of Ion)
(_Ho3-Plus0 instance-of HO3-Plus)
(_Convert0 instance-of Reaction)
-
(_Convert0 destination _Ion1)
(_Convert0 object _Ion0)
(_Ion1 is-ion-of _Ho3-Plus0)
(_Ion0 is-inside _Water0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)

;;; ================== 43 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HCl dissolves in water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hcl0:

(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)

===>

EXISTS _Water0, _Dissolve0:

(_Dissolve0 instance-of Dissolve)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
-
(_Dissolve0 agent _Hcl0)
(_Dissolve0 is-inside _Water0)

;;; ================== 44 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The HCl molecules react with the water molecules.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hcl0, _Molecule0:

(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(_Molecule0 related-to _Hcl0)

===>

EXISTS _Water Molecule0, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(|_Water Molecule0| instance-of Water-Molecule)
-
(_React0 raw-material _Molecule0)
(_React0 raw-material |_Water Molecule0|)

;;; ================== 45 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reaction transfers an H-plus ion from an HCl molecule to a water molecule.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Molecule0, _Hcl0, _Ion0, _H-Plus0, _Water Molecule0, _Transfer0:

(_Transfer0 instance-of Transfer)
(|_Water Molecule0| instance-of Water-Molecule)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
-
(_Molecule0 related-to _Hcl0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)
(_Ion0 related-to _Molecule0)
(_Transfer0 agent _Reaction0)
(_Transfer0 object _Ion0)
(_Transfer0 destination |_Water Molecule0|)

;;; ================== 46 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reaction produces a hydronium ion and a chloride ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Hydronium Ion0, _Ion0, _Chloride0:

(_Chloride0 instance-of Cl-Minus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(|_Hydronium Ion0| instance-of Hydronium-Ion)
-
(_Reaction0 result |_Hydronium Ion0|)
(_Reaction0 result _Ion0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Chloride0)

;;; ================== 47 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Cl-minus is a chloride ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Cl Minus0:

(|_Cl Minus0| instance-of Cl-Minus)
(|_Cl Minus0| instance-of Ion)

===>

EXISTS _Chloride0:

(_Chloride0 instance-of Cl-Minus)
-
(|_Cl Minus0| is-ion-of _Chloride0)

;;; ================== 48 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Equation 16.3 is "HCl(g) + H_2O(l) --> H_3O^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq)".
;;; ======================================================================

(*Equation-16.3 instance-of Equation)

===>

EXISTS _Chemical-Formula3, _Compound3, _Substance3, _Chemical-Formula2, _Compound2, _Substance2, _Chemical-Formula1, _Compound1, _Substance1, _Chemical-Formula0, _Compound0, _Substance0, _Reaction0, _Chemical-Equation-Expression0:

(_Chemical-Formula3 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound3 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance3 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula2 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound2 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance2 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula1 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound1 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance1 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 instance-of Chemical-Equation-Expression)
-
(*Equation-16.3 property _Chemical-Equation-Expression0)
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 string-name "HCl(g) + H_2O(l) --> H_3O^+(aq) + Cl^-(aq)")
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 chemical-equation-of _Reaction0)
(_Reaction0 raw-material _Substance0)
(_Reaction0 raw-material _Substance1)
(_Reaction0 result _Substance2)
(_Reaction0 result _Substance3)
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Substance0 coefficient 1)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 Cl)))
(_Substance1 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound1)
(_Substance1 coefficient 1)
(_Compound1 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula1)
(_Chemical-Formula1 term (:seq (:pair 2 H) (:pair 1 O)))
(_Substance2 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound2)
(_Substance2 coefficient 1)
(_Compound2 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula2)
(_Chemical-Formula2 term (:seq (:pair 3 H) (:pair 1 O)))
(_Substance3 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound3)
(_Substance3 coefficient 1)
(_Compound3 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula3)
(_Chemical-Formula3 term (:seq (:pair 1 Cl)))

;;; ================== 49 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a substance.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)

===>

EXISTS _Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
-
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| equal _Substance0)

;;; ================== 50 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; A molecule of a Bronsted-Lowry acid can donate a proton to another substance.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A molecule of a Bronsted-Lowry acid donates a proton to a second substance.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Molecule0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Molecule0 related-to |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _Substance0, _Donate0:

(_Donate0 instance-of Donate)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Donate0 agent _Molecule0)
(_Donate0 object _Proton0)
(_Donate0 destination _Substance0)

;;; ================== 51 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; An ion of a Bronsted-Lowry acid can donate a proton to another substance.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An ion of a Bronsted-Lowry acid donates a proton to a second substance.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Ion0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _Substance0, _Donate0:

(_Donate0 instance-of Donate)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Donate0 agent _Ion0)
(_Donate0 object _Proton0)
(_Donate0 destination _Substance0)

;;; ================== 52 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A Bronsted-Lowry base is a substance.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Base0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)

===>

EXISTS _Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
-
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| equal _Substance0)

;;; ================== 53 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; A molecule of a Bronsted-Lowry base can accept a proton from another substance.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A molecule of a Bronsted-Lowry base accepts a proton from a second substance.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Base0, _Molecule0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Molecule0 related-to |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _Substance0, _Accept0:

(_Accept0 instance-of Event)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Accept0 agent _Molecule0)
(_Accept0 object _Proton0)
(_Accept0 origin _Substance0)

;;; ================== 54 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; An ion of a Bronsted-Lowry acid can accept a proton from another substance.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An ion of a Bronsted-Lowry acid accepts a proton from a second substance.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Ion0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _Substance0, _Accept0:

(_Accept0 instance-of Event)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Accept0 agent _Ion0)
(_Accept0 object _Proton0)
(_Accept0 origin _Substance0)

;;; ================== 55 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An HCl molecule in water donates a proton to an H2O molecule.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Water0, _Hcl0, _Molecule0:

(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(_Molecule0 related-to _Hcl0)
(_Molecule0 is-inside _Water0)

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _Molecule1, _H2o0, _Donate0:

(_Donate0 instance-of Donate)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule1 instance-of Molecule)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Molecule1 related-to _H2o0)
(_Donate0 agent _Molecule0)
(_Donate0 object _Proton0)
(_Donate0 destination _Molecule1)

;;; ================== 56 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;; The HCl molecule acts as a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The HCl molecule plays a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hcl0, _Molecule0:

(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(_Molecule0 related-to _Hcl0)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
-
(_Molecule0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

;;; ================== 57 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An H2O molecule accepts a proton from an HCl molecule in water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2o0, _Molecule1:

(_Molecule1 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule1 related-to _H2o0)

===>

EXISTS _Molecule0, _Hcl0, _Proton0, _Water0, _Accept0:

(_Accept0 instance-of Event)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
-
(_Molecule0 related-to _Hcl0)
(_Proton0 related-to _Molecule0)
(_Accept0 agent _Molecule1)
(_Accept0 object _Proton0)
(_Accept0 is-inside _Water0)

;;; ================== 58 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Bronsted-Lowry acids and Bronsted-Lowry bases can react without an aqueous solution.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A Bronsted-Lowry acid and a Bronsted-Lowry base react without an aqueous solution.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Bronsted-Lowry Base0, _React0, _Aqueous Solution0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
(|_Aqueous Solution0| instance-of Aqueous-Solution)
(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
-
(_React0 related-to |_Aqueous Solution0|)
(_React0 raw-material |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)
(_React0 raw-material |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

;;; ================== 59 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HCl reacts with NH3 without an aqueous solution.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hcl0:

(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)

===>

EXISTS _Aqueous Solution0, _Nh0, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
(|_Aqueous Solution0| instance-of Aqueous-Solution)
-
(_Nh0 related-to |_Aqueous Solution0|)
(_React0 raw-material _Hcl0)
(_React0 raw-material _Nh0)

;;; ================== 60 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reaction transfers a proton from an HCl molecule to an NH3 molecule.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Molecule0, _Hcl0, _Proton0, _Molecule1, _Nh0, _Transfer0:

(_Transfer0 instance-of Transfer)
(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
(_Molecule1 instance-of Molecule)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
-
(_Molecule0 related-to _Hcl0)
(_Proton0 related-to _Molecule0)
(_Molecule1 related-to _Nh0)
(_Transfer0 agent _Reaction0)
(_Transfer0 object _Proton0)
(_Transfer0 destination _Molecule1)

;;; ================== 61 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NH3 is a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Nh0:

(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Base0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(_Nh0 related-to |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)

;;; ================== 62 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HCl gas reacts with NH3 gas.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hcl0, _Gas0:

(_Gas0 instance-of Gas-Substance)
(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(_Gas0 has-basic-structural-unit _Hcl0)

===>

EXISTS _Gas1, _Nh0, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
(_Gas1 instance-of Gas-Substance)
-
(_Gas1 has-basic-structural-unit _Nh0)
(_React0 raw-material _Gas0)
(_React0 raw-material _Gas1)

;;; ================== 63 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reaction produces NH4Cl.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Nh4cl0:

(_Nh4cl0 instance-of NH4Cl)
-
(_Reaction0 result _Nh4cl0)

;;; ================== 64 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The NH4Cl is mostly solid particles.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Nh4cl0:

(_Nh4cl0 instance-of NH4Cl)

===>

EXISTS _Particle0:

(_Particle0 instance-of Substance)
-
(_Nh4cl0 related-to _Particle0)
(_Particle0 physical-state *solid)

;;; ================== 65 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The NH4Cl particles form a white fog.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Nh4cl0, _Particle0:

(_Particle0 instance-of Substance)
(_Nh4cl0 instance-of NH4Cl)
(_Particle0 has-basic-structural-unit _Nh4cl0)

===>

EXISTS _Fog0, _Form0:

(_Form0 instance-of Organizing)
(_Fog0 instance-of Fog)
-
(_Fog0 color *white)
(_Form0 agent _Particle0)
(_Form0 object _Fog0)

;;; ================== 66 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The white fog creates a hazy film on nearby windows.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Fog0:

(_Fog0 instance-of Fog)
(_Fog0 color *white)

===>

EXISTS _Film0, _Hazy0, _Window0, _Create0:

(_Create0 instance-of Create)
(_Window0 instance-of Platform)
(_Hazy0 instance-of Hazy)
(_Film0 instance-of Conceptual-Entity)
-
(_Film0 related-to _Hazy0)
(_Window0 related-to *nearby)
(_Create0 agent _Fog0)
(_Create0 object _Film0)
(_Create0 is-on _Window0)

;;; ================== 67 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Equilibrium occurs in an aqueous solution of ammonia.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Equilibrium0:

(_Equilibrium0 instance-of Architectural-Structure)

===>

EXISTS _Ammonia0, _Aqueous Solution0, _Occur0:

(_Occur0 instance-of Event)
(|_Aqueous Solution0| instance-of Aqueous-Solution)
(_Ammonia0 instance-of NH3)
-
(|_Aqueous Solution0| has-basic-structural-unit _Ammonia0)
(_Occur0 agent _Equilibrium0)
(_Occur0 is-inside |_Aqueous Solution0|)

;;; ================== 68 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NH3 is ammonia.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Nh0:

(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)

===>

EXISTS _Ammonia0:

(_Ammonia0 instance-of NH3)
-
(_Nh0 equal _Ammonia0)

;;; ================== 69 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Adding ammonia to water increases the concentration of OH-minus (aq).
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Adding ammonia to water increases the concentration of OH-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Water0, _Ammonia0, _Add0:

(_Add0 instance-of Add)
(_Ammonia0 instance-of NH3)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Add0 object _Ammonia0)
(_Add0 destination _Water0)

===>

EXISTS _Oh Minus0, _Concentration0, _Increase0:

(_Increase0 instance-of Increase)
(_Concentration0 instance-of Concentration-Value)
(|_Oh Minus0| instance-of OH-Minus)
-
(_Concentration0 concentration-of |_Oh Minus0|)
(_Increase0 agent _Add0)
(_Increase0 object _Concentration0)

;;; ================== 70 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Ammonia is an Arrhenius base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Ammonia0:

(_Ammonia0 instance-of NH3)

===>

EXISTS _Arrhenius Base0:

(|_Arrhenius Base0| instance-of Arrhenius-Base)
-
(_Ammonia0 related-to |_Arrhenius Base0|)

;;; ================== 71 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Ammonia accepts a proton from H2O.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Ammonia0:

(_Ammonia0 instance-of NH3)

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _H2o0, _Accept0:

(_Accept0 instance-of Event)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Accept0 agent _Ammonia0)
(_Accept0 object _Proton0)
(_Accept0 origin _H2o0)

;;; ================== 72 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Ammonia is a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Ammonia0:

(_Ammonia0 instance-of NH3)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Base0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(_Ammonia0 related-to |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)

;;; ================== 73 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H2O molecule in Equation 16.5 donates a proton to the NH3 molecule.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2o0, _Molecule0:

(*Equation-16.5 instance-of Equation)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)
(_Molecule0 base *Equation-16.5)

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _Molecule1, _Nh0, _Donate0:

(_Donate0 instance-of Donate)
(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
(_Molecule1 instance-of Molecule)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Molecule1 related-to _Nh0)
(_Donate0 agent _Molecule0)
(_Donate0 object _Proton0)
(_Donate0 destination _Molecule1)

;;; ================== 74 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The H2O molecule acts as a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H2O molecule plays a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2o0, _Molecule0:

(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
-
(_Molecule0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

;;; ================== 75 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; A Bronsted-Lowry acid always reacts with a nearby Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A Bronsted-Lowry acid reacts with a nearby Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Base0, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| related-to *nearby)
(_React0 raw-material |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)
(_React0 raw-material |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)

;;; ================== 76 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reaction transfers a proton from the acid to the base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _Base0, _Transfer0, _X0:

(_Transfer0 instance-of Transfer)
(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(NIL equal *acid)
(_Proton0 origin _X0)
(_Transfer0 agent _Reaction0)
(_Transfer0 object _Proton0)
(_Transfer0 destination _Base0)

;;; ================== 77 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; IF a substance plays a Bronsted-Lowry base THEN a nearby substance plays a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;; ======================================================================

IF
   (|_Bronsted-Lowry Base9403| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
   (_Substance9402 instance-of Substance)
   -
   (_Substance9402 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Base9403|)
THEN
   (|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid9411| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
   (_Substance9410 instance-of Substance)
   -
   (_Substance9410 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid9411|)
   (_Substance9410 related-to *nearby)

;;; ================== 78 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A molecule of a Bronsted-Lowry acid must have a hydrogen atom.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Molecule0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Molecule0 related-to |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

===>

EXISTS _Hydrogen Atom0:

(|_Hydrogen Atom0| instance-of Hydrogen-Atom)
-
(_Molecule0 possesses |_Hydrogen Atom0|)

;;; ================== 79 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The hydrogen atom must detach from the molecule.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hydrogen Atom0:

(|_Hydrogen Atom0| instance-of Hydrogen-Atom)

===>

EXISTS _Molecule0, _Detach0:

(_Detach0 instance-of Detach)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
-
(_Detach0 agent |_Hydrogen Atom0|)
(_Detach0 origin _Molecule0)

;;; ================== 80 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The detaching must convert the hydrogen atom to an H-plus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Detaching0:

(_Detaching0 instance-of Detach)

===>

EXISTS _Hydrogen Atom0, _Ion0, _H-Plus0, _Convert0:

(_Convert0 instance-of Reaction)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(|_Hydrogen Atom0| instance-of Hydrogen-Atom)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)
(_Convert0 raw-material _Detaching0)
(_Convert0 object |_Hydrogen Atom0|)
(_Convert0 destination _Ion0)

;;; ================== 81 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An ion of a Bronsted-Lowry acid must have a hydrogen atom.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Ion0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

===>

EXISTS _Hydrogen Atom0:

(|_Hydrogen Atom0| instance-of Hydrogen-Atom)
-
(_Ion0 possesses |_Hydrogen Atom0|)

;;; ================== 82 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The hydrogen atom must detach from the ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hydrogen Atom0:

(|_Hydrogen Atom0| instance-of Hydrogen-Atom)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _Detach0:

(_Detach0 instance-of Detach)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Detach0 agent |_Hydrogen Atom0|)
(_Detach0 origin _Ion0)

;;; ================== 83 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The detaching must convert the hydrogen atom to an H-plus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Detaching0:

(_Detaching0 instance-of Detach)

===>

EXISTS _Hydrogen Atom0, _Ion0, _H-Plus0, _Convert0:

(_Convert0 instance-of Reaction)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(|_Hydrogen Atom0| instance-of Hydrogen-Atom)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)
(_Convert0 raw-material _Detaching0)
(_Convert0 object |_Hydrogen Atom0|)
(_Convert0 destination _Ion0)

;;; ================== 84 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A molecule of a Bronsted-Lowry base must have a nonbonding pair of electrons.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Base0, _Molecule0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Molecule0 related-to |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)

===>

EXISTS _Electron0, _Nonbonding0:

(_Nonbonding0 instance-of Nonbonding)
(_Electron0 instance-of Electron)
-
(_Molecule0 possesses *pair)
(*pair related-to _Nonbonding0)
(*pair property-of _Electron0)

;;; ================== 85 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The pair of electrons must bind to an H-plus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Electron0:

(_Electron0 instance-of Electron)
(*pair property-of _Electron0)

===>

EXISTS _Bind0, _H-Plus0, _Ion0:

(_Bind0 instance-of Attach)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)
(_Bind0 agent *pair)
(_Bind0 destination _Ion0)

;;; ================== 86 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An ion of a Bronsted-Lowry base must have a nonbonding pair of electrons.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Bronsted-Lowry Base0, _Ion0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)

===>

EXISTS _Electron0, _Nonbonding0:

(_Nonbonding0 instance-of Nonbonding)
(_Electron0 instance-of Electron)
-
(_Ion0 possesses *pair)
(*pair related-to _Nonbonding0)
(*pair property-of _Electron0)

;;; ================== 87 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The pair of electrons must bind to an H-plus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Electron0:

(_Electron0 instance-of Electron)
(*pair property-of _Electron0)

===>

EXISTS _Bind0, _H-Plus0, _Ion0:

(_Bind0 instance-of Attach)
(_H-Plus0 instance-of H-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _H-Plus0)
(_Bind0 agent *pair)
(_Bind0 destination _Ion0)

;;; ================== 88 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Some substances sometimes act as a Bronsted-Lowry acid and sometimes act as a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Some substances play a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;; Some substances play a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Substance0, _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Substance1, _Bronsted-Lowry Base0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
(_Substance1 instance-of Substance)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(_Substance1 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)
(_Substance0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

;;; ================== 89 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; These substances are called amphoteric substances.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; These substances are amphoteric substances.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)

===>

EXISTS _Substance1, _Amphoteric0:

(_Amphoteric0 instance-of Amphoteric)
(_Substance1 instance-of Substance)
-
(_Substance0 equal _Substance1)
(_Substance1 related-to _Amphoteric0)

;;; ================== 90 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2O plays a Bronsted-Lowry base in a reaction with HCl.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2o0:

(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Base0, _Hcl0, _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(_H2o0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)
(_Reaction0 raw-material _Hcl0)

;;; ================== 91 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2O plays a Bronsted-Lowry acid in a reaction with NH3.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2o0:

(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Nh0, _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
-
(_H2o0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)
(_Reaction0 raw-material _Nh0)

;;; ================== 92 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2O is an amphoteric substance.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2o0:

(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)

===>

EXISTS _Amphoteric Substance0:

(|_Amphoteric Substance0| instance-of Amphoteric-Substance)
-
(_H2o0 related-to |_Amphoteric Substance0|)

;;; ================== 93 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An amphoteric substance combined with a more acidic substance plays a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Substance0, _Amphoteric Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(|_Amphoteric Substance0| instance-of Amphoteric-Substance)
(_Substance0 property *acidic)
(|_Amphoteric Substance0| related-to *combined)
(*combined related-to _Substance0)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Base0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(|_Amphoteric Substance0| plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)

;;; ================== 94 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An amphoteric substance combined with a more basic substance plays a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Substance0, _Amphoteric Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(|_Amphoteric Substance0| instance-of Amphoteric-Substance)
(_Substance0 property *basic)
(|_Amphoteric Substance0| related-to *combined)
(*combined related-to _Substance0)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
-
(|_Amphoteric Substance0| plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

;;; ================== 95 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; In an acid-base equilibrium the reactions in both directions involve proton transfers.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reactions in both directions involve proton transfers in an acid-base equilibrium. 
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Direction0, _Reaction0:

(_Direction0 instance-of Angle-Value)
(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Reaction0 is-inside _Direction0)

===>

EXISTS _Transfer0, _Proton0, _Equilibrium0, _Acid-Base0, _Involve0:

(_Involve0 instance-of Event)
(_Acid-Base0 instance-of Acid-Base)
(_Equilibrium0 instance-of Architectural-Structure)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(_Transfer0 instance-of Transfer)
-
(_Transfer0 object _Proton0)
(_Equilibrium0 related-to _Acid-Base0)
(_Involve0 agent _Reaction0)
(_Involve0 object _Transfer0)
(_Involve0 is-inside _Equilibrium0)

;;; ================== 96 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Equation 16.6 is "HX(aq) + H_20(l) <--> X^-(aq) + H_3O^+(aq)".
;;; ======================================================================

(*Equation-16.6 instance-of Equation)

===>

EXISTS _Chemical-Formula3, _Compound3, _Substance3, _Chemical-Formula2, _Compound2, _Substance2, _Chemical-Formula1, _Compound1, _Substance1, _Chemical-Formula0, _Compound0, _Substance0, _Reaction0, _Chemical-Equation-Expression0:

(_Chemical-Formula3 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound3 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance3 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula2 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound2 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance2 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula1 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound1 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance1 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 instance-of Chemical-Equation-Expression)
-
(*Equation-16.6 property _Chemical-Equation-Expression0)
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 string-name "HX(aq) + H_20(l) <--> X^-(aq) + H_3O^+(aq)")
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 chemical-equation-of _Reaction0)
(_Reaction0 raw-material _Substance0)
(_Reaction0 raw-material _Substance1)
(_Reaction0 result _Substance2)
(_Reaction0 result _Substance3)
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Substance0 coefficient 1)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 X)))
(_Substance1 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound1)
(_Substance1 coefficient 1)
(_Compound1 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula1)
(_Chemical-Formula1 term (:seq (:pair 20 H)))
(_Substance2 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound2)
(_Substance2 coefficient 1)
(_Compound2 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula2)
(_Chemical-Formula2 term (:seq (:pair 1 X)))
(_Substance3 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound3)
(_Substance3 coefficient 1)
(_Compound3 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula3)
(_Chemical-Formula3 term (:seq (:pair 3 H) (:pair 1 O)))

;;; ================== 97 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; "HX" denotes an acid in Equation 16.6.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Chemical-Formula0, _Compound0, _Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Substance0 string-name "HX")
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 X)))

===>

EXISTS _Acid0, _Denote0:

(_Denote0 instance-of Event)
(*Equation-16.6 instance-of Equation)
(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(_Denote0 agent _Substance0)
(_Denote0 object _Acid0)
(_Denote0 base *Equation-16.6)

;;; ================== 98 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; "HX" donates a proton to the H2O molecule in the forward reaction of Equation 16.6.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Chemical-Formula0, _Compound0, _Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Substance0 string-name "HX")
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 X)))

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _Reaction0, _Molecule0, _H2o0, _Donate0:

(_Donate0 instance-of Donate)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(*Equation-16.6 instance-of Equation)
(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Reaction0 related-to *forward)
(_Reaction0 object *Equation-16.6)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)
(_Molecule0 is-inside _Reaction0)
(_Donate0 agent _Substance0)
(_Donate0 object _Proton0)
(_Donate0 destination _Molecule0)

;;; ================== 99 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The "HX" molecule acts as a Bronsted-Lowry acid and the H2O molecule acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The "HX" plays a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;; The H2O molecule plays a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Substance0, _Compound0, _Chemical-Formula0, _Bronsted-Lowry Base0, _Molecule0, _H2o0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)
(_Molecule0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 X)))
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Substance0 string-name "HX")
(_Substance0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

;;; ================== 100 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H3O-plus ion donates a proton to the X-minus ion in the reverse reaction of Equation 16.6. 
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H3o Plus0, _Ion1:

(_Ion1 instance-of Ion)
(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)
(_Ion1 is-ion-of |_H3o Plus0|)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _X-Minus0, _Proton0, _Reaction0, _Donate0:

(_Donate0 instance-of Donate)
(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(*Equation-16.6 instance-of Equation)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(_X-Minus0 instance-of X-minus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _X-Minus0)
(_Proton0 related-to _Ion0)
(_Reaction0 related-to *reverse)
(_Reaction0 object *Equation-16.6)
(_Donate0 agent _Ion1)
(_Donate0 object _Proton0)
(_Donate0 is-inside _Reaction0)

;;; ================== 101 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The H3O-plus ion acts as a Bronsted-Lowry acid and the X-minus ion acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H3O-plus ion plays a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;; The X-minus ion plays a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Ion0, _H3o Plus0, _Bronsted-Lowry Base0, _Ion1, _X-Minus0:

(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
(_Ion1 instance-of Ion)
(_X-Minus0 instance-of X-minus)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(_Ion1 is-ion-of _X-Minus0)
(_Ion1 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_H3o Plus0|)
(_Ion0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

;;; ================== 102 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The "HX" in Equation 16.6 donates a proton.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Chemical-Formula0, _Compound0, _Substance0:

(*Equation-16.6 instance-of Equation)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Substance0 base *Equation-16.6)
(_Substance0 string-name "HX")
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 X)))

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _Donate0:

(_Donate0 instance-of Donate)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Donate0 agent _Substance0)
(_Donate0 object _Proton0)

;;; ================== 103 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The donating leaves behind an X-minus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Donating0:

(_Donating0 instance-of Donate)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _X-Minus0, _Leave Behind0:

(|_Leave Behind0| instance-of Event)
(_X-Minus0 instance-of X-minus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _X-Minus0)
(|_Leave Behind0| agent _Donating0)
(|_Leave Behind0| object _Ion0)

;;; ================== 104 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The X-minus ion acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base in the reverse reaction.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The X-minus ion plays a Bronsted-Lowry base in the reverse reaction.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _X-Minus0, _Ion0:

(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_X-Minus0 instance-of X-minus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _X-Minus0)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Base0, _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(_Ion0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)
(_Reaction0 related-to *reverse)

;;; ================== 105 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H2O molecule in Equation 16.6 accepts a proton.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2o0, _Molecule0:

(*Equation-16.6 instance-of Equation)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)
(_Molecule0 base *Equation-16.6)

===>

EXISTS _Proton0, _Accept0:

(_Accept0 instance-of Event)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Accept0 agent _Molecule0)
(_Accept0 object _Proton0)

;;; ================== 106 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The accepting produces an H3O-plus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Accepting0:

(_Accepting0 instance-of Event)

===>

EXISTS _Ion0, _H3o Plus0:

(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
-
(_Accepting0 result _Ion0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_H3o Plus0|)

;;; ================== 107 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The H3O-plus ion acts as a Bronsted-Lowry acid in the reverse reaction.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H3O-plus ion plays a Bronsted-Lowry acid in the reverse reaction.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H3o Plus0, _Ion0:

(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_H3o Plus0|)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0, _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
-
(_Ion0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)
(_Reaction0 related-to *reverse)

;;; ================== 108 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; An acid and a base differing only in a proton are called a conjugate acid-base-pair.
;;; [Too difficult to reformulate]
;;; Every acid has a conjugate base.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Acid have conjugate bases.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)

===>

EXISTS _Conjugate Base0:

(|_Conjugate Base0| instance-of Entity)
-
(_Acid0 conjugate-base |_Conjugate Base0|)

;;; ================== 109 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Removing a proton from the acid produces the conjugate base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _X0, _Proton0, _Remove0:

(_Remove0 instance-of Remove)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(_Remove0 object _Proton0)
(_Remove0 origin _X0)

===>

EXISTS _Conjugate Base0:

(|_Conjugate Base0| instance-of Entity)
-
(_Remove0 result |_Conjugate Base0|)
(NIL equal *acid)

;;; ================== 110 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; OH-minus is the conjugate base of H2O.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Oh Minus0:

(|_Oh Minus0| instance-of OH-Minus)
(|_Oh Minus0| instance-of Entity)

===>

EXISTS _H2o0:

(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
-
(|_Oh Minus0| conjugate-acid _H2o0)

;;; ================== 111 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; X-minus is the conjugate base of "HX".
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _X Minus0:

(|_X Minus0| instance-of X-minus)
(|_X Minus0| instance-of Entity)

===>

EXISTS _Substance0, _Compound0, _Chemical-Formula0:

(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
-
(_Substance0 string-name "HX")
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 X)))
(|_X Minus0| conjugate-acid _Substance0)

;;; ================== 112 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Every base has a conjugate acid.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Bases have conjugate acids.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)

===>

EXISTS _Conjugate Acid0:

(|_Conjugate Acid0| instance-of Entity)
-
(_Base0 conjugate-acid |_Conjugate Acid0|)

;;; ================== 113 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Adding a proton to the base produces the conjugate acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0, _Proton0, _Add0:

(_Add0 instance-of Add)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Add0 object _Proton0)
(_Add0 destination _Base0)

===>

EXISTS _Conjugate Acid0:

(|_Conjugate Acid0| instance-of Entity)
-
(_Add0 result |_Conjugate Acid0|)

;;; ================== 114 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H3O-plus is the conjugate acid of H2O.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H3o Plus0:

(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)
(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of Entity)

===>

EXISTS _H2o0:

(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
-
(|_H3o Plus0| conjugate-base _H2o0)

;;; ================== 115 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; "HX" is the conjugate acid of X-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Chemical-Formula0, _Compound0, _Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Substance0 instance-of Entity)
(_Substance0 string-name "HX")
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 X)))

===>

EXISTS _X Minus0:

(|_X Minus0| instance-of X-minus)
-
(_Substance0 conjugate-base |_X Minus0|)

;;; ================== 116 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Two sets of acid-base conjugate pairs are in every acid-base reaction.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; An acid-base reaction contains two sets of acid-base conjugate pairs.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid-Base0, _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Acid-Base0 instance-of Acid-Base)
(_Reaction0 related-to _Acid-Base0)

===>

EXISTS _Acid-Base1, _Conjugate0, _Set0, _Contain0:

(_Contain0 instance-of Contain)
(_Set0 instance-of Specify)
(_Conjugate0 instance-of Chemical)
(_Acid-Base1 instance-of Acid-Base)
-
(*pair has-conjugate _Conjugate0)
(_Conjugate0 is-conjugate-of _Acid-Base1)
(_Set0 count 2)
(_Set0 object *pair)
(_Contain0 agent _Reaction0)
(_Contain0 object _Set0)

;;; ================== 117 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HNO2 is nitrous acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hno0:

(_Hno0 instance-of HNO2)

===>

EXISTS _Nitrous Acid0:

(|_Nitrous Acid0| instance-of HNO2)
-
(_Hno0 equal |_Nitrous Acid0|)

;;; ================== 118 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Nitrous acid reacts with water in Equation 16.7.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Nitrous Acid0:

(|_Nitrous Acid0| instance-of HNO2)

===>

EXISTS _Water0, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(*Equation-16.7 instance-of Equation)
-
(_Water0 base *Equation-16.7)
(_React0 raw-material |_Nitrous Acid0|)
(_React0 raw-material _Water0)

;;; ================== 119 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Equation 16.7 is "HNO_2(aq) + H_2O(l) <--> NO_2^-(aq) + H_3O^+(aq)".
;;; ======================================================================

(*Equation-16.7 instance-of Equation)

===>

EXISTS _Chemical-Formula0, _Compound1, _Substance0, _Chemical-Formula3, _Compound0, _Substance3, _Chemical-Formula2, _Compound3, _Substance2, _Chemical-Formula1, _Compound2, _Substance1, _Reaction0, _Chemical-Equation-Expression0:

(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound1 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula3 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance3 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula2 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound3 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance2 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula1 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound2 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance1 instance-of Substance)
(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 instance-of Chemical-Equation-Expression)
-
(*Equation-16.7 property _Chemical-Equation-Expression0)
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 string-name "HNO_2(aq) + H_2O(l) <--> NO_2^-(aq) + H_3O^+(aq)")
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 chemical-equation-of _Reaction0)
(_Reaction0 raw-material _Substance1)
(_Reaction0 raw-material _Substance2)
(_Reaction0 result _Substance3)
(_Reaction0 result _Substance0)
(_Substance1 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound2)
(_Substance1 coefficient 1)
(_Compound2 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula1)
(_Chemical-Formula1 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 N) (:pair 2 O)))
(_Substance2 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound3)
(_Substance2 coefficient 1)
(_Compound3 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula2)
(_Chemical-Formula2 term (:seq (:pair 2 H) (:pair 1 O)))
(_Substance3 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Substance3 coefficient 1)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula3)
(_Chemical-Formula3 term (:seq (:pair 1 N) (:pair 2 O)))
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound1)
(_Substance0 coefficient 1)
(_Compound1 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 3 H) (:pair 1 O)))

;;; ================== 120 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The HNO2 molecule in Equation 16.7 acts as a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The "HNO_2" in Equation 16.7 plays a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Chemical-Formula0, _Compound0, _Substance0:

(*Equation-16.7 instance-of Equation)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Substance0 base *Equation-16.7)
(_Substance0 string-name "HNO_2")
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 N) (:pair 2 O)))

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
-
(_Substance0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

;;; ================== 121 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The H2O molecule in Equation 16.7 acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H2O molecule in Equation 16.7 plays a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2o0, _Molecule0:

(*Equation-16.7 instance-of Equation)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)
(_Molecule0 base *Equation-16.7)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Base0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(_Molecule0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)

;;; ================== 122 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; NO2-minus ion in Equation 16.7 acts as the conjugate base for the HNO2 molecule.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The NO2-minus ion in Equation 16.7 plays the conjugate base for the "HNO_2".
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _No2-Minus0, _Ion0:

(*Equation-16.7 instance-of Equation)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_No2-Minus0 instance-of NO2-Minus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _No2-Minus0)
(_Ion0 base *Equation-16.7)

===>

EXISTS _Conjugate Base0, _Substance0, _Compound0, _Chemical-Formula0:

(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(|_Conjugate Base0| instance-of Entity)
-
(_Ion0 plays |_Conjugate Base0|)
(_Substance0 string-name "HNO_2")
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 H) (:pair 1 N) (:pair 2 O)))

;;; ================== 123 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; H3O-plus ion in Equation 16.7 acts as the conjugate acid for the H2O molecule.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H3O-plus ion in Equation 16.7 plays the conjugate acid for the H2O molecule.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H3o Plus0, _Ion0:

(*Equation-16.7 instance-of Equation)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_H3o Plus0|)
(_Ion0 base *Equation-16.7)

===>

EXISTS _Conjugate Acid0, _Molecule0, _H2o0:

(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(|_Conjugate Acid0| instance-of Entity)
-
(_Ion0 plays |_Conjugate Acid0|)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)

;;; ================== 124 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The HNO2 molecule becomes the NO2-minus ion.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The HNO2 molecule loses a proton in Equation 16.7. 
;;; Then, the HNO2 molecule is the NO2-minus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hno0, _Molecule0, _Proton0, _Molecule1, _Hno1, _Ion0, _No2-Minus0, _Lose0, _Be0:

(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Hno0 instance-of HNO2)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(*Equation-16.7 instance-of Equation)
(_Lose0 instance-of Lose)
(_Molecule1 instance-of Molecule)
(_Hno1 instance-of HNO2)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_No2-Minus0 instance-of NO2-Minus)
-
(_Lose0 next-event _Be0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _No2-Minus0)
(_Molecule1 related-to _Hno1)
(_Molecule1 has-ion _Ion0)
(_Lose0 base *Equation-16.7)
(_Lose0 object _Proton0)
(_Lose0 agent _Molecule0)
(_Molecule0 related-to _Hno0)

;;; ================== 125 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The H2O molecule becomes the H3O-plus ion.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H2O molecule gains a proton in Equation 16.7. 
;;; Then, the H2O molecule is the H3O-plus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H2o0, _Molecule0, _Proton0, _Molecule1, _H2o1, _Ion0, _H3o Plus0, _Gain0, _Be0:

(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(*Equation-16.7 instance-of Equation)
(_Gain0 instance-of Event)
(_Molecule1 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o1 instance-of H2O)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)
-
(_Gain0 next-event _Be0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of |_H3o Plus0|)
(_Molecule1 related-to _H2o1)
(_Molecule1 has-ion _Ion0)
(_Gain0 base *Equation-16.7)
(_Gain0 object _Proton0)
(_Gain0 agent _Molecule0)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)

;;; ================== 126 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NH3 reacts with H2O in Equation 16.8.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Nh0:

(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)

===>

EXISTS _H2o0, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(*Equation-16.8 instance-of Equation)
-
(_H2o0 base *Equation-16.8)
(_React0 raw-material _Nh0)
(_React0 raw-material _H2o0)

;;; ================== 127 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Equation 16.8 is "NH_3(aq) + H_2O(l) <--> NH_4^+(aq) + OH^-(aq)".
;;; ======================================================================

(*Equation-16.8 instance-of Equation)

===>

EXISTS _Chemical-Formula3, _Compound3, _Substance3, _Chemical-Formula2, _Compound2, _Substance2, _Chemical-Formula1, _Compound1, _Substance1, _Chemical-Formula0, _Compound0, _Substance0, _Reaction0, _Chemical-Equation-Expression0:

(_Chemical-Formula3 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound3 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance3 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula2 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound2 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance2 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula1 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound1 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance1 instance-of Substance)
(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 instance-of Chemical-Equation-Expression)
-
(*Equation-16.8 property _Chemical-Equation-Expression0)
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 string-name "NH_3(aq) + H_2O(l) <--> NH_4^+(aq) + OH^-(aq)")
(_Chemical-Equation-Expression0 chemical-equation-of _Reaction0)
(_Reaction0 raw-material _Substance0)
(_Reaction0 raw-material _Substance1)
(_Reaction0 result _Substance2)
(_Reaction0 result _Substance3)
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Substance0 coefficient 1)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 N) (:pair 3 H)))
(_Substance1 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound1)
(_Substance1 coefficient 1)
(_Compound1 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula1)
(_Chemical-Formula1 term (:seq (:pair 2 H) (:pair 1 O)))
(_Substance2 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound2)
(_Substance2 coefficient 1)
(_Compound2 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula2)
(_Chemical-Formula2 term (:seq (:pair 1 N) (:pair 4 H)))
(_Substance3 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound3)
(_Substance3 coefficient 1)
(_Compound3 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula3)
(_Chemical-Formula3 term (:seq (:pair 1 O) (:pair 1 H)))

;;; ================== 128 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The NH3 molecule in Equation 16.8 acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The NH3 molecule in Equation 16.8 plays a Bronsted-Lowry base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Nh0, _Molecule0:

(*Equation-16.8 instance-of Equation)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
(_Molecule0 related-to _Nh0)
(_Molecule0 base *Equation-16.8)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Base0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Base0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Base)
-
(_Molecule0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Base0|)

;;; ================== 129 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The H2O molecule in Equation 16.8 acts as a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H2O molecule in Equation 16.8 plays a Bronsted-Lowry acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2o0, _Molecule0:

(*Equation-16.8 instance-of Equation)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)
(_Molecule0 base *Equation-16.8)

===>

EXISTS _Bronsted-Lowry Acid0:

(|_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0| instance-of Bronsted-Lowry-Acid)
-
(_Molecule0 plays |_Bronsted-Lowry Acid0|)

;;; ================== 130 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; NH4-plus ion in Equation 16.8 acts as the conjugate acid for the NH3 molecule.
;;; The "NH_4^+" in Equation 16.8 plays the conjugate acid for the NH3 molecule.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The "NH_4" in Equation 16.8 plays the conjugate acid for the NH3 molecule.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Chemical-Formula0, _Compound0, _Substance0:

(*Equation-16.8 instance-of Equation)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Compound0 instance-of Compound)
(_Chemical-Formula0 instance-of Chemical-Formula)
(_Substance0 base *Equation-16.8)
(_Substance0 string-name "NH_4")
(_Substance0 has-basic-structural-unit _Compound0)
(_Compound0 nested-atomic-chemical-formula _Chemical-Formula0)
(_Chemical-Formula0 term (:seq (:pair 1 N) (:pair 4 H)))

===>

EXISTS _Conjugate Acid0, _Molecule0, _Nh0:

(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(|_Conjugate Acid0| instance-of Entity)
-
(_Substance0 plays |_Conjugate Acid0|)
(_Molecule0 related-to _Nh0)

;;; ================== 131 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; OH-minus ion in Equation 16.8 acts as the conjugate base for the H2O molecule.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The OH-minus ion in Equation 16.8 plays the conjugate base for the H2O molecule.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Oh-Minus0, _Ion0:

(*Equation-16.8 instance-of Equation)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_Oh-Minus0 instance-of OH-Minus)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Oh-Minus0)
(_Ion0 base *Equation-16.8)

===>

EXISTS _Conjugate Base0, _Molecule0, _H2o0:

(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(|_Conjugate Base0| instance-of Entity)
-
(_Ion0 plays |_Conjugate Base0|)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)

;;; ================== 132 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The NH3 molecule becomes the NH4-plus ion.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The NH3 molecule gains a proton in Equation 16.8.
;;; Then, the NH3 molecule is the NH4-plus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Nh0, _Molecule0, _Proton0, _Molecule1, _Nh1, _Ion0, _Nh4-Plus0, _Gain0, _Be0:

(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(*Equation-16.8 instance-of Equation)
(_Gain0 instance-of Event)
(_Molecule1 instance-of Molecule)
(_Nh1 instance-of NH3)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_Nh4-Plus0 instance-of NH4-Plus)
-
(_Gain0 next-event _Be0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Nh4-Plus0)
(_Molecule1 related-to _Nh1)
(_Molecule1 has-ion _Ion0)
(_Gain0 base *Equation-16.8)
(_Gain0 object _Proton0)
(_Gain0 agent _Molecule0)
(_Molecule0 related-to _Nh0)

;;; ================== 133 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; The H2O molecule becomes the OH-minus ion.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The H2O molecule loses a proton in Equation 16.8.
;;; Then, the H2O molecule is the OH-minus ion.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H2o0, _Molecule0, _Proton0, _Molecule1, _H2o1, _Ion0, _Oh-Minus0, _Lose0, _Be0:

(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(*Equation-16.8 instance-of Equation)
(_Lose0 instance-of Lose)
(_Molecule1 instance-of Molecule)
(_H2o1 instance-of H2O)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(_Oh-Minus0 instance-of OH-Minus)
-
(_Lose0 next-event _Be0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Oh-Minus0)
(_Molecule1 related-to _H2o1)
(_Molecule1 has-ion _Ion0)
(_Lose0 base *Equation-16.8)
(_Lose0 object _Proton0)
(_Lose0 agent _Molecule0)
(_Molecule0 related-to _H2o0)

;;; ================== 134 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Some acids are better proton donors than other acids.
;;; [Too difficult to reformulate]
;;; Some bases are better proton acceptors than other bases.
;;; [Too difficult to reformulate]
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of a strong proton donor is a weak proton acceptor.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Proton0, _Donor0, _Acceptor0:

(_Donor0 instance-of Entity)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(_Acceptor0 instance-of Entity)
(_Acceptor0 instance-of Person)
(_Donor0 donor-of _Proton0)
(_Donor0 donor-of *strong)
(_Acceptor0 conjugate-acid _Donor0)

===>

EXISTS _Proton1:

(_Proton1 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Acceptor0 is-part-of _Proton1)
(_Acceptor0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 135 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate acid of a strong proton acceptor is a weak proton donor.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Proton0, _Acceptor0, _Donor0:

(_Acceptor0 instance-of Person)
(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(_Donor0 instance-of Entity)
(_Donor0 instance-of Entity)
(_Acceptor0 is-part-of _Proton0)
(_Acceptor0 property *strong)
(_Donor0 conjugate-base _Acceptor0)

===>

EXISTS _Proton1:

(_Proton1 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Donor0 donor-of _Proton1)
(_Donor0 donor-of *weak)

;;; ================== 136 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; A stronger acid has a weaker conjugate base.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A strong acid has a weak conjugate base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
(_Acid0 property *strong)

===>

EXISTS _Conjugate Base0:

(|_Conjugate Base0| instance-of Entity)
-
(_Acid0 conjugate-base |_Conjugate Base0|)
(|_Conjugate Base0| conjugate-acid *weak)

;;; ================== 137 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; A stronger base has a weaker conjugate acid.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A strong base has a weak conjugate acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Base0 property *strong)

===>

EXISTS _Conjugate Acid0:

(|_Conjugate Acid0| instance-of Entity)
-
(_Base0 conjugate-acid |_Conjugate Acid0|)
(|_Conjugate Acid0| conjugate-base *weak)

;;; ================== 138 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; A stronger acid is a better proton donor.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A strong acid is a good proton donor.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
(_Acid0 instance-of Entity)
(_Acid0 property *strong)

===>

EXISTS _Proton0:

(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
-
(_Acid0 donor-of _Proton0)
(_Acid0 donor-of *good)

;;; ================== 139 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; A stronger base is a better proton acceptor.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A strong base is a good proton acceptor.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Base0 property *strong)

===>

EXISTS _Acceptor0, _Proton0:

(_Proton0 instance-of Proton)
(_Acceptor0 instance-of Person)
-
(_Base0 property _Acceptor0)
(_Acceptor0 is-part-of _Proton0)
(_Acceptor0 related-to *good)

;;; ================== 140 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; In water a strong acid completely transfers the acid's protons to the water.
;;; The transfer leaves no undissociated acid molecules in the aqueous solution.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A strong acid is in some water.
;;; The strong acid transfers the acid's protons to the water.
;;; There are zero undissociated acid molecules in the aqueous solution.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Acid0, _Water0, _Acid1, _Acid2, _Protons0, _Transfer0, _Water1, _Magnitude0, _Unit0, _Molecule0, _Aqueous Solution0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Acid2 instance-of Acid)
(_Acid1 instance-of Acid)
(_Protons0 instance-of Protons)
(_Water1 instance-of H2O)
(_Transfer0 instance-of Transfer)
(|_Aqueous Solution0| instance-of Aqueous-Solution)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
(_Unit0 instance-of Undissociated)
(_Magnitude0 instance-of Conceptual-Entity)
-
(_Molecule0 is-inside |_Aqueous Solution0|)
(_Molecule0 is-part-of (:pair _Magnitude0 _Unit0))
(_Molecule0 related-to *acid)
(_Transfer0 destination _Water1)
(_Transfer0 object _Protons0)
(_Transfer0 agent _Acid2)
(_Protons0 related-to _Acid1)
(_Acid2 property *strong)
(_Acid0 is-inside _Water0)
(_Acid0 property *strong)

;;; ================== 141 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; In water the conjugate base of a strong acid almost never accepts protons from the water.
;;; The conjugate base of a strong acid almost never accepts protons from the water.
;;; In water a weak acid partly transfers the acid's protons to the water.
;;; A weak acid partly transfers the acid's protons to the water.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A weak acid transfers the acid's protons to the water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid1:

(_Acid1 instance-of Acid)
(_Acid1 property *weak)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0, _Protons0, _Water0, _Transfer0:

(_Transfer0 instance-of Transfer)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Protons0 instance-of Protons)
(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(_Protons0 related-to _Acid0)
(_Transfer0 agent _Acid1)
(_Transfer0 object _Protons0)
(_Transfer0 destination _Water0)

;;; ================== 142 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The transfer leaves a mixture of acid molecules and acid ions in the aqueous solution.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Transfer0:

(_Transfer0 instance-of Transfer)

===>

EXISTS _Molecule0, _Mixture0, _Aqueous Solution0, _Ion0, _Leave0:

(_Leave0 instance-of Leave)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(|_Aqueous Solution0| instance-of Aqueous-Solution)
(_Mixture0 instance-of Mixture)
(_Molecule0 instance-of Molecule)
-
(_Molecule0 related-to *acid)
(_Mixture0 has-basic-structural-unit _Molecule0)
(_Ion0 is-ion-of *acid)
(_Ion0 is-inside |_Aqueous Solution0|)
(_Leave0 instrument _Transfer0)
(_Leave0 object _Mixture0)
(_Leave0 object _Ion0)

;;; ================== 143 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;In water the conjugate base of a weak acid accepts a small percent of the water's protons.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of a weak acid accepts a small percent of the water's protons.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid0, _Conjugate Base0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
(|_Conjugate Base0| instance-of Entity)
(_Acid0 property *weak)
(|_Conjugate Base0| conjugate-acid _Acid0)

===>

EXISTS _Protons0, _Water0, _Percent0, _Accept0:

(_Accept0 instance-of Event)
(_Percent0 instance-of Conceptual-Entity)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Protons0 instance-of Protons)
-
(_Protons0 related-to _Water0)
(_Percent0 property *small)
(_Percent0 related-to _Protons0)
(_Accept0 agent |_Conjugate Base0|)
(_Accept0 object _Percent0)

;;; ================== 144 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate bases of weak acids are weak bases.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acid0, _Base0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
(_Base0 instance-of Entity)
(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Acid0 property *weak)
(_Base0 conjugate-acid _Acid0)
(_Base0 property *weak)

===>


;;; ================== 145 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Substances with negligible acidity contain hydrogen.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acidity0, _Substance0:

(_Acidity0 instance-of Conceptual-Entity)
(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Acidity0 property *negligible)
(_Substance0 possesses _Acidity0)

===>

EXISTS _Hydrogen0, _Contain0:

(_Contain0 instance-of Contain)
(_Hydrogen0 instance-of H)
-
(_Contain0 agent _Substance0)
(_Contain0 object _Hydrogen0)

;;; ================== 146 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; CH4 is a substance with negligible acidity.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Ch0:

(_Ch0 instance-of CH4)

===>

EXISTS _Acidity0, _Substance0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Acidity0 instance-of Conceptual-Entity)
-
(_Ch0 related-to _Substance0)
(_Acidity0 property *negligible)
(_Substance0 possesses _Acidity0)

;;; ================== 147 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate bases of substances with negligible acidity are strong bases.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Acidity0, _Substance0, _Base0:

(_Substance0 instance-of Substance)
(_Acidity0 instance-of Conceptual-Entity)
(_Base0 instance-of Entity)
(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Substance0 possesses _Acidity0)
(_Acidity0 property *negligible)
(_Base0 conjugate-acid _Substance0)

===>

(_Base0 property *strong)

;;; ================== 148 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Strong bases react completely with water.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Strong bases react with water.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Base0 property *strong)

===>

EXISTS _Water0, _React0:

(_React0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
-
(_React0 raw-material _Base0)
(_React0 raw-material _Water0)

;;; ================== 149 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; Strong bases take protons from the water in the reaction.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Strong bases acquire protons from the water in the reaction.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Base0 property *strong)

===>

EXISTS _Protons0, _Reaction0, _Water0, _Acquire0:

(_Acquire0 instance-of Event)
(_Water0 instance-of H2O)
(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Protons0 instance-of Protons)
-
(_Water0 is-inside _Reaction0)
(_Acquire0 agent _Base0)
(_Acquire0 object _Protons0)
(_Acquire0 origin _Water0)

;;; ================== 150 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The reaction converts water molecules to OH-minus ions.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Reaction0:

(_Reaction0 instance-of Reaction)

===>

EXISTS _Water Molecule0, _Ion0, _Oh-Minus0, _Convert0:

(_Convert0 instance-of Reaction)
(_Oh-Minus0 instance-of OH-Minus)
(_Ion0 instance-of Ion)
(|_Water Molecule0| instance-of Water-Molecule)
-
(_Ion0 is-ion-of _Oh-Minus0)
(_Convert0 raw-material _Reaction0)
(_Convert0 object |_Water Molecule0|)
(_Convert0 destination _Ion0)

;;; ================== 151 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; A strong acid is completely ionized in H2O.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A strong acid is ionized in H2O.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Acid0, _H2o0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
-
(*ionized related-to _H2o0)
(_Acid0 related-to *ionized)
(_Acid0 property *strong)

;;; ================== 152 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;; A strong base is completely protonized in H2O.
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; A strong base is protonized in H2O.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
(_Base0 property *strong)

===>

EXISTS _H2o0, _Protonized0:

(_Protonized0 instance-of Protonized)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
-
(_Base0 related-to _Protonized0)
(_Protonized0 related-to _H2o0)

;;; ================== 153 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HCl is a strong acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hcl0:

(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(_Hcl0 related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *strong)

;;; ================== 154 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of HCl is Cl-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hcl0, _Cl Minus0:

(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(|_Cl Minus0| instance-of Entity)
(|_Cl Minus0| instance-of Cl-Minus)
(|_Cl Minus0| conjugate-acid _Hcl0)

===>


;;; ================== 155 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; Cl-minus is a negligible base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Cl Minus0:

(|_Cl Minus0| instance-of Cl-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(|_Cl Minus0| related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *negligible)

;;; ================== 156 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HCl is weaker than H2SO4.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hcl0, _H2so0:

(_Hcl0 instance-of HCl)
(_H2so0 instance-of H2SO4)
-
(_Hcl0 stronger-acid-than _H2so0)

;;; ================== 157 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2SO4 is a strong acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2so0:

(_H2so0 instance-of H2SO4)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(_H2so0 related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *strong)

;;; ================== 158 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of H2SO4 is HSO4-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2so0, _Hso4 Minus0:

(_H2so0 instance-of H2SO4)
(|_Hso4 Minus0| instance-of Entity)
(|_Hso4 Minus0| instance-of HSO4-Minus)
(|_Hso4 Minus0| conjugate-acid _H2so0)

===>


;;; ================== 159 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HSO4-minus is a negligible base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hso4 Minus0:

(|_Hso4 Minus0| instance-of HSO4-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(|_Hso4 Minus0| related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *negligible)

;;; ================== 160 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HSO4-minus is stronger than Cl-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hso4 Minus0, _Cl Minus0:

(|_Hso4 Minus0| instance-of HSO4-Minus)
(|_Cl Minus0| instance-of Cl-Minus)
-
(|_Hso4 Minus0| stronger-base-than |_Cl Minus0|)

;;; ================== 161 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2SO4 is weaker than HNO3.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H2so0, _Hno0:

(_H2so0 instance-of H2SO4)
(_Hno0 instance-of HNO3)
-
(_H2so0 stronger-acid-than _Hno0)

;;; ================== 162 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HNO3 is a strong acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hno0:

(_Hno0 instance-of HNO3)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(_Hno0 related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *strong)

;;; ================== 163 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of HNO3 is NO3-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hno0, _No3 Minus0:

(_Hno0 instance-of HNO3)
(|_No3 Minus0| instance-of Entity)
(|_No3 Minus0| instance-of NO3-Minus)
(|_No3 Minus0| conjugate-acid _Hno0)

===>


;;; ================== 164 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NO3-minus is a negligible base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _No3 Minus0:

(|_No3 Minus0| instance-of NO3-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(|_No3 Minus0| related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *negligible)

;;; ================== 165 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NO3-minus is stronger than HSO4-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _No3 Minus0, _Hso4 Minus0:

(|_No3 Minus0| instance-of NO3-Minus)
(|_Hso4 Minus0| instance-of HSO4-Minus)
-
(|_No3 Minus0| stronger-base-than |_Hso4 Minus0|)

;;; ================== 166 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HNO3 is weaker than H3O-plus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hno0, _H3o Plus0:

(_Hno0 instance-of HNO3)
(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)
-
(_Hno0 stronger-acid-than |_H3o Plus0|)

;;; ================== 167 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H3O-plus is a moderate acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H3o Plus0:

(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(|_H3o Plus0| related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 related-to *moderate)

;;; ================== 168 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of H3O-plus is H2O.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H3o Plus0, _H2o0:

(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)
(_H2o0 instance-of Entity)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(_H2o0 conjugate-acid |_H3o Plus0|)

===>


;;; ================== 169 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2O is a very weak base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2o0:

(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)

===>

EXISTS _Base0, _Very0:

(_Very0 instance-of Very)
(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(_H2o0 related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *weak)
(*weak related-to _Very0)

;;; ================== 170 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2O is stronger than NO3-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H2o0, _No3 Minus0:

(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
(|_No3 Minus0| instance-of NO3-Minus)
-
(_H2o0 stronger-base-than |_No3 Minus0|)

;;; ================== 171 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H3O-plus is weaker than HSO4-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H3o Plus0, _Hso4 Minus0:

(|_H3o Plus0| instance-of H3O-Plus)
(|_Hso4 Minus0| instance-of HSO4-Minus)
-
(|_H3o Plus0| stronger-acid-than |_Hso4 Minus0|)

;;; ================== 172 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HSO4-minus is a weak acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hso4 Minus0:

(|_Hso4 Minus0| instance-of HSO4-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(|_Hso4 Minus0| related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 173 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of HSO4-minus is SO4-minus-2.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hso4 Minus0, _So4-Minus-0:

(|_Hso4 Minus0| instance-of HSO4-Minus)
(_So4-Minus-0 instance-of Entity)
(_So4-Minus-0 instance-of SO4-Minus-2)
(_So4-Minus-0 conjugate-acid |_Hso4 Minus0|)

===>


;;; ================== 174 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; SO4-minus-2 is a weak base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _So4-Minus-0:

(_So4-Minus-0 instance-of SO4-Minus-2)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(_So4-Minus-0 related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 175 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; SO4-minus-2 is stronger than H2O.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _So4-Minus-0, _H2o0:

(_So4-Minus-0 instance-of SO4-Minus-2)
(_H2o0 instance-of H2O)
-
(_So4-Minus-0 stronger-base-than _H2o0)

;;; ================== 176 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HSO4-minus is weaker than H3PO4.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hso4 Minus0, _H3po0:

(|_Hso4 Minus0| instance-of HSO4-Minus)
(_H3po0 instance-of H3PO4)
-
(|_Hso4 Minus0| stronger-acid-than _H3po0)

;;; ================== 177 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H3PO4 is a weak acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H3po0:

(_H3po0 instance-of H3PO4)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(_H3po0 related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 178 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of H3PO4 is H2PO4-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H3po0, _H2po4 Minus0:

(_H3po0 instance-of H3PO4)
(|_H2po4 Minus0| instance-of Entity)
(|_H2po4 Minus0| instance-of H2PO4-Minus)
(|_H2po4 Minus0| conjugate-acid _H3po0)

===>


;;; ================== 179 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2PO4-minus is a weak base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2po4 Minus0:

(|_H2po4 Minus0| instance-of H2PO4-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(|_H2po4 Minus0| related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 180 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2PO4-minus is stronger than SO4-minus-2.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H2po4 Minus0, _So4-Minus-0:

(|_H2po4 Minus0| instance-of H2PO4-Minus)
(_So4-Minus-0 instance-of SO4-Minus-2)
-
(|_H2po4 Minus0| stronger-base-than _So4-Minus-0)

;;; ================== 181 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H3PO4 is weaker than HF.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H3po0, _Hf0:

(_H3po0 instance-of H3PO4)
(_Hf0 instance-of Hf)
-
(_H3po0 stronger-acid-than _Hf0)

;;; ================== 182 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HF is a weak acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hf0:

(_Hf0 instance-of Hf)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(_Hf0 related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 183 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of HF is F-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hf0, _F Minus0:

(_Hf0 instance-of Hf)
(|_F Minus0| instance-of Entity)
(|_F Minus0| instance-of F-Minus)
(|_F Minus0| conjugate-acid _Hf0)

===>


;;; ================== 184 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; F-minus is a weak base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _F Minus0:

(|_F Minus0| instance-of F-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(|_F Minus0| related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 185 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; F-minus is stronger than H2PO4-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _F Minus0, _H2po4 Minus0:

(|_F Minus0| instance-of F-Minus)
(|_H2po4 Minus0| instance-of H2PO4-Minus)
-
(|_F Minus0| stronger-base-than |_H2po4 Minus0|)

;;; ================== 186 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HF is weaker than HC2H3O2.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hf0, _Hc2h3o0:

(_Hf0 instance-of Hf)
(_Hc2h3o0 instance-of HC2H3O2)
-
(_Hf0 stronger-acid-than _Hc2h3o0)

;;; ================== 187 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HC2H3O2 is a weak acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hc2h3o0:

(_Hc2h3o0 instance-of HC2H3O2)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(_Hc2h3o0 property _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 188 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of HC2H3O2 is C2H3O2-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hc2h3o0, _C2h3o2 Minus0:

(_Hc2h3o0 instance-of HC2H3O2)
(|_C2h3o2 Minus0| instance-of Entity)
(|_C2h3o2 Minus0| instance-of C2H3O2-Minus)
(|_C2h3o2 Minus0| conjugate-acid _Hc2h3o0)

===>


;;; ================== 189 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; C2H3O2-minus is a weak base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _C2h3o2 Minus0:

(|_C2h3o2 Minus0| instance-of C2H3O2-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(|_C2h3o2 Minus0| related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 190 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; C2H3O2-minus is stronger than F-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _C2h3o2 Minus0, _F Minus0:

(|_C2h3o2 Minus0| instance-of C2H3O2-Minus)
(|_F Minus0| instance-of F-Minus)
-
(|_C2h3o2 Minus0| stronger-base-than |_F Minus0|)

;;; ================== 191 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HC2H3O2 is weaker than H2CO3.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hc2h3o0, _H2co0:

(_Hc2h3o0 instance-of HC2H3O2)
(_H2co0 instance-of H2CO3)
-
(_Hc2h3o0 stronger-acid-than _H2co0)

;;; ================== 192 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2CO3 is a weak acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2co0:

(_H2co0 instance-of H2CO3)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(_H2co0 related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 193 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of H2CO3 is HCO3-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2co0, _Hco3 Minus0:

(_H2co0 instance-of H2CO3)
(|_Hco3 Minus0| instance-of Entity)
(|_Hco3 Minus0| instance-of HCO3-Minus)
(|_Hco3 Minus0| conjugate-acid _H2co0)

===>


;;; ================== 194 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HCO3-minus is a weak base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hco3 Minus0:

(|_Hco3 Minus0| instance-of HCO3-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(|_Hco3 Minus0| related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 195 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HCO3-minus is stronger than C2H3O2-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hco3 Minus0, _C2h3o2 Minus0:

(|_Hco3 Minus0| instance-of HCO3-Minus)
(|_C2h3o2 Minus0| instance-of C2H3O2-Minus)
-
(|_Hco3 Minus0| stronger-base-than |_C2h3o2 Minus0|)

;;; ================== 196 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2CO3 is weaker than H2S.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H2co0, _H2s0:

(_H2co0 instance-of H2CO3)
(_H2s0 instance-of H2S)
-
(_H2co0 stronger-acid-than _H2s0)

;;; ================== 197 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2S is a weak acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2s0:

(_H2s0 instance-of H2S)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(_H2s0 related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 198 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of H2S is HS-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2s0, _Hs Minus0:

(_H2s0 instance-of H2S)
(|_Hs Minus0| instance-of Entity)
(|_Hs Minus0| instance-of HS-Minus)
(|_Hs Minus0| conjugate-acid _H2s0)

===>


;;; ================== 199 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HS-minus is a weak base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hs Minus0:

(|_Hs Minus0| instance-of HS-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(|_Hs Minus0| related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 200 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HS-minus is stronger than HCO3-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hs Minus0, _Hco3 Minus0:

(|_Hs Minus0| instance-of HS-Minus)
(|_Hco3 Minus0| instance-of HCO3-Minus)
-
(|_Hs Minus0| stronger-base-than |_Hco3 Minus0|)

;;; ================== 201 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2S is weaker than H2PO4-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H2s0, _H2po4 Minus0:

(_H2s0 instance-of H2S)
(|_H2po4 Minus0| instance-of H2PO4-Minus)
-
(_H2s0 stronger-acid-than |_H2po4 Minus0|)

;;; ================== 202 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2PO4-minus is a weak acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2po4 Minus0:

(|_H2po4 Minus0| instance-of H2PO4-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(|_H2po4 Minus0| related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 203 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of H2PO4-minus is HPO4-minus-2.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _H2po4 Minus0, _Hpo4 Minus 0:

(|_H2po4 Minus0| instance-of H2PO4-Minus)
(|_Hpo4 Minus 0| instance-of Entity)
(|_Hpo4 Minus 0| instance-of HPO4-Minus-2)
(|_Hpo4 Minus 0| conjugate-acid |_H2po4 Minus0|)

===>


;;; ================== 204 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HPO4-minus-2 is a weak base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hpo4 Minus 0:

(|_Hpo4 Minus 0| instance-of HPO4-Minus-2)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(|_Hpo4 Minus 0| related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 205 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HPO4-minus-2 is stronger than HS-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hpo4 Minus 0, _Hs Minus0:

(|_Hpo4 Minus 0| instance-of HPO4-Minus-2)
(|_Hs Minus0| instance-of HS-Minus)
-
(|_Hpo4 Minus 0| stronger-base-than |_Hs Minus0|)

;;; ================== 206 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; H2PO4-minus is weaker than NH4-plus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _H2po4 Minus0, _Nh4 Plus0:

(|_H2po4 Minus0| instance-of H2PO4-Minus)
(|_Nh4 Plus0| instance-of NH4-Plus)
-
(|_H2po4 Minus0| stronger-acid-than |_Nh4 Plus0|)

;;; ================== 207 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NH4-plus is a weak acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Nh4 Plus0:

(|_Nh4 Plus0| instance-of NH4-Plus)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(|_Nh4 Plus0| related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 208 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of NH4-plus is NH3.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Nh4 Plus0, _Nh0:

(|_Nh4 Plus0| instance-of NH4-Plus)
(_Nh0 instance-of Entity)
(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
(_Nh0 conjugate-acid |_Nh4 Plus0|)

===>


;;; ================== 209 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NH3 is a weak base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Nh0:

(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(_Nh0 related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 210 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NH3 is stronger than HPO4-minus-2.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Nh0, _Hpo4 Minus 0:

(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
(|_Hpo4 Minus 0| instance-of HPO4-Minus-2)
-
(_Nh0 stronger-base-than |_Hpo4 Minus 0|)

;;; ================== 211 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; NH4-plus is weaker than HCO3-minus.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Nh4 Plus0, _Hco3 Minus0:

(|_Nh4 Plus0| instance-of NH4-Plus)
(|_Hco3 Minus0| instance-of HCO3-Minus)
-
(|_Nh4 Plus0| stronger-acid-than |_Hco3 Minus0|)

;;; ================== 212 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HCO3-minus is a weak acid.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hco3 Minus0:

(|_Hco3 Minus0| instance-of HCO3-Minus)

===>

EXISTS _Acid0:

(_Acid0 instance-of Acid)
-
(|_Hco3 Minus0| related-to _Acid0)
(_Acid0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 213 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; The conjugate base of HCO3-minus is CO3-minus-2.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Hco3 Minus0, _Co3-Minus-0:

(|_Hco3 Minus0| instance-of HCO3-Minus)
(_Co3-Minus-0 instance-of Entity)
(_Co3-Minus-0 instance-of CO3-Minus-2)
(_Co3-Minus-0 conjugate-acid |_Hco3 Minus0|)

===>


;;; ================== 214 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; CO3-minus-2 is a weak base.
;;; ======================================================================

FORALL _Co3-Minus-0:

(_Co3-Minus-0 instance-of CO3-Minus-2)

===>

EXISTS _Base0:

(_Base0 instance-of Base)
-
(_Co3-Minus-0 related-to _Base0)
(_Base0 property *weak)

;;; ================== 215 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; CO3-minus-2 is stronger than NH3.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Co3-Minus-0, _Nh0:

(_Co3-Minus-0 instance-of CO3-Minus-2)
(_Nh0 instance-of NH3)
-
(_Co3-Minus-0 stronger-base-than _Nh0)

;;; ================== 216 ====================================
;;; Comments/earlier versions:
;;;
;;; CPL formulation:
;;; HCO3-minus is weaker than HPO4-minus-2.
;;; ======================================================================

EXISTS _Hco3 Minus0, _Hpo4 Minus 0:

(|_Hco3 Minus0| instance-of HCO3-Minus)
(|_Hpo4 Minus 0| instance-of HPO4-Minus-2)
-
(|_Hco3 Minus