C already had mechanisms for allocating and deallocating memory (malloc and free).  What are the C++ replacements for these, and what useful things do they do that malloc and free do not do?

Be able to write (with correct syntax) simple C++ code to allocate and deallocate memory.  For example, can you write the C++ equivalents of the following statements?

float *fp = malloc(sizeof(float));
free(fp);

Be able to write (with correct syntax) simple C++ code to allocate and deallocate memory for an array.  For example, can you write the C++ equivalents of the following statements?

float *fa = malloc(sizeof(float) * 10);
free(fa);

Be able to allocate and deallocate memory for a class instance in C++.  For example, can you complete the following statement so that bp points to a dynamically allocated instance of class Bar?  Can you write code to deallocate that instance?

Bar *bp = ________________ ;

References in C++ are a very useful variation on pointers.  Learn how to use them, including the rules for their syntax.  For example, can you rewrite the following code to use references instead of pointers?

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void plus_5(int *ip) {
  *ip = *ip + 5;
}

int main() {
  int n = 3;
  plus_5(&n);
  cout << n << '\n';
}

It's legal for a base-class pointer to point to an object of a derived class.  Is the same true for references?  (I.e., can a base-class reference refer to an object of a derived class?)

What's wrong with the following function?

int& foo() {
  int n;

  n = 10 / 2;
  return n;
}

If n were declared as static in the function above, would there still be a problem?