Cryptography is an ancient study of secret writing. There is a wealth of literature in this field. An extremely readable book on this subject is The Code Book by Simon Singh. This is a field of study that is of particular relevance in Computer Science. Given the widespread use of computers, one of the things people are interested in is making transactions over the internet more secure.
For the purposes of this programming assignment convert the message that you are asked to encode or decode to lower case. You will only be encoding or decoding the lower case letters of the alphabet. Punctuation marks, digits and spaces remain untouched - that is, you will leave these characters in the string as is. For example, if you were asked to encrypt the string "123-45-6789" then the encrypted string would still be "123-45-6789". Similarly for the decryption. All punctuation marks, digits, and spaces will be returned as is in their original place in the string.1
Substitution Cipher: In this method you will replace the letters using the following scheme.
Plain Text: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Cipher Text: q a z w s x e d c r f v t g b y h n u j m i k o l pSave the Cipher letters in a list of characters.
cipher = [ 'q', 'a', 'z', ...., 'o', 'l', 'p' ]To find the substitution for the character d first convert d into an index for the array cipher as follows:
idx = ord ('d') - ord ('a')
Then use that index (whose value in this case is 3) to access the character
that will be a substitute for d (in this case cipher[3], which is
w. The Caesar Cipher is also a
substitution cipher that can be easily decoded.
Vigenere Cipher: Substitution ciphers can be broken by frequency analysis. To make the cipher more secure you can use two or more letters to encrypt. The Vignere cipher uses a pass phrase to encrypt and decrypt.
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
a a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
b b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a
c c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b
d d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c
e e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d
f f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e
g g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f
h h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g
i i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h
j j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i
k k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j
l l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k
m m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l
n n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m
o o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n
p p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
q q r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p
r r s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q
s s t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r
t t u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s
u u v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t
v v w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u
w w x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v
x x y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w
y y z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x
z z a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y
Let us say we want to encrypt hello world and we use as our pass phrase seal. Here is how we would lay the phrases out. The pass phrase is repeated over and over again in order with the text that needs to be encrypted. The letter from the pass phrase marks the row and the letter from the plain text marks the column.
Assume that the pass phrase contains only letters of the alphabet. There are no punctuation marks or digits or spaces in the pass phrase.
Pass Phrase: seals ealse
Plain Text: hello world
Encrypted Text: zilwg aocdh
To decrypt, we would reverse the process. Use the same pass phrase seal repeatedly with the encrypted text. This time, the letter from the pass phrase marks the column. Within that column search for the encrypted letter. That row indicates the plain text.
Pass Phrase: seals ealse
Encrypted Text: zilwg aocdh
Plain Text: hello world
There are several functions that you will be writing for this assignment. But they will all be in one file called TestCipher.py. The template for your program is as follows. The parameter strng is the string to be encoded or decoded. The parameter passwd is the pass phrase for the Vigenere cipher.
For the substitution cipher you will create two lists of the letters of the alphabet - one for encoding and the other for decoding. For the Vignere cipher I do not want you to create a 2-D list. Instead I want you to come up with a formula that will take as input two characters and return the encrypted cipher. For decryption you should come with a similar formula.
Your function names and parameters must be exactly as specified. You may always add more functions than what is listed.
# takes a single string as input parameter and returns a string
def substitution_encode ( strng ):
...
# takes a single string as input parameter and returns a string
def substitution_decode ( strng ):
...
# takes two strings as input parameter and returns a string
def vigenere_encode ( strng, passwd ):
...
# takes two strings as input parameter and returns a string
def vigenere_decode ( strng, passwd ):
...
def main():
# open file for reading
in_file = open ("./cipher.txt", "r")
# print header for substitution cipher
print ("Substitution Cipher")
print ()
# read line to be encoded
line = in_file.readline()
line = line.strip()
line = line.lower()
# encode using substitution cipher
encoded_str = substitution_encode (line)
# print result
print ("Plain Text to be Encoded: " + line)
print ("Encoded Text: " + encoded_str)
print ()
# read line to be decoded
line = in_file.readline()
line = line.strip()
line = line.lower()
# decode using substitution cipher
decoded_str = substitution_decode (line)
# print result
print ("Encoded Text to be Decoded: " + line)
print ("Decoded Plain Text: " + decoded_str)
print ()
# print header for vigenere cipher
print ("Vigenere Cipher")
print ()
# read line to be encoded and pass phrase
line = in_file.readline()
line = line.strip()
line = line.lower()
passwd = in_file.readline()
passwd = passwd.strip()
passwd = passwd.lower()
# encode using vigenere cipher
encoded_str = vigenere_encode (line, passwd)
# print result
print ("Plain Text to be Encoded: " + line)
print ("Pass Phrase (no spaces allowed): " + passwd)
print ("Encoded Text: " + encoded_str)
print ()
# read line to be decoded and pass phrase
line = in_file.readline()
line = line.strip()
line = line.lower()
passwd = in_file.readline()
passwd = passwd.strip()
passwd = passwd.lower()
# decode using vigenere cipher
decoded_str = vigenere_decode (line, passwd)
# print result
print ("Encoded Text to be Decoded: " + line)
print ("Pass Phrase (no spaces allowed): " + passwd)
print ("Decoded Plain Text: " + decoded_str)
print ()
# close file
in_file.close()
# This line above main is for grading purposes. It will not affect how
# your code will run while you develop and test it.
# DO NOT REMOVE THE LINE ABOVE MAIN
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Your TestCipher program will test the encoding and decoding methods of the two Cipher algorithms. You will read the input from a file cipher.txt . Assume that the strings for encoding and decoding and the pass phrase are no more than 80 characters. You may have more functions than specified. Your output will look something like this:
Substitution Cipher Plain Text to be Encoded: hello world Encoded Text: dsvvb kbnvw Encoded Text to be Decoded: dsvvb kbnvw Decoded Plain Text: hello world Vigenere Cipher Plain Text to be Encoded: hello world Pass Phrase (no spaces allowed): seal Encoded Text: zilwg aocdh Encoded Text to be Decoded: zilwg aocdh Pass Phrase (no spaces allowed): seal Decoded Plain Text: hello world
For this assignment you may work with a partner. Both of you must read the paper on Pair Programming. . If you are working with a partner then both of you will submit the same code. In the header make sure that you have your name and your partner's name. If you are working alone then remove the fields that has the partner's name and EID.
The file that you will be uploading will be called TestCipher.py. We are looking for clean and structured design. The file will have a header of the following form:
# File: TestCipher.py # Description: # Student Name: # Student UT EID: # Partner Name: # Partner UT EID: # Course Name: CS 313E # Unique Number: # Date Created: # Date Last Modified:
If you are working alone, then remove the two lines that has the partner's name and eid in the header.
Use the Canvas system to submit your TestCipher.py file. We should receive your work by 11 PM on Monday, 10 Sep 2018. There will be substantial penalties if you do not adhere to the guidelines. Remember Python is case sensitive. The name of your file must match exactly what we have specified.