CS 314 - Specification 7 - Anagrams

Programming Assignment 7 Individual Assignment. You must complete this assignment on your own. You may not acquire from any source  (e.g.  another student, an internet site, a generative AI / LLM such as chatGPT) a partial or complete solution to a problem or project that has been assigned. You may not show another student your solution to an assignment. You may not have another person (current student, former student, tutor, friend, anyone) “walk you through” how to solve an assignment. You may not use an LLM to help generate your solution. You may get help from the instructional staff. You may discuss general ideas and approaches with other students but you may not develop code together. Review the class policy on collaboration from the syllabus.

• Placed online: Wednesday, March 6
• 20 points, ~2% of final grade.
• Due: no later than 11 pm, Thursday, March 21
• General Assignment Requirements
• Note, for this assignment we are again using a new submission tool, Gradescope. You shall submit your program via Canvas and GradeScope. Not a zip. file. See this howto guide.
  
  One of the goals of using GradeScope is to allow you to submit before the due date and have your program run under the same conditions will shall test it under when grading. With GradeScope you do not have to check your program on the CS lab machines.

The purposes of this assignment are:

1. to use various data structures
2. to implement a program that uses multiple classes
3. to implement a recursive backtracking algorithm
4. to improve the efficiency of a brute force recursive backtracking algorithm through creative approaches

Thanks to Stuart Reges for sharing this assignment with me.

In this assignment you will implement several classes that allow a user to find anagrams of words and phrases they type in. You are not allowed to create a multi threaded application for this assignment. (If you are unaware what a multithreaded application is, it is something you will learn in CS439.)

Summary: An anagram is formed by taking all of the letters in one word or phrase and scrabbling them to form a new word or phrase. All of the letters from the original word / phrase must be used and no letters can be added. The new word or words must be valid based on some dictionary. For example, an anagram of the phrase "Isabelle Scott" is "obstacle stile".

There are many online anagram solvers. One of the better ones can be found at http://wordsmith.org/anagram/index.html.

See the guide below for suggestions on how to complete the assignment. We expect you to implement the anagram finding algorithm as outlined in the video explanation on Canvas. Do NOT search the web for algorithms to "find anagrams" or us an LLM or this assignment.

There is also a video on Canvas explaining the recursive backtracking approach you are expected to use to solve this problem. Canvas -> CS314 -> Files -> Assignment Help Videos -> A7_Anagrams.mp4

Files:

Submission: Complete the header in AnagramFinderTester.java and AnagramSolver.java. Copy it to LetterInventory.java a Replace <NAME> with your name. Note, you are stating, on your honor, that you did the assignment on your own. You may not acquire from any source  (e.g.  another student, an internet site, a generative AI / LLM such as chatGPT) a partial or complete solution to a problem or project that has been assigned.

Checklist: Did you remember to:

1. review and follow the general assignment requirements?
2. follow the specific requirements and restrictions for this assignment?
3. work on the assignment by yourself?
4. fill in the header in AnagramFinderTester and copy it to LetterInventory.java and AnagramSolver.java?
5. ensure your LetterInventory and Anagram Solver classes pass the tests in AnagramFindrerTestert? Add at least 2 tests per public method and constructor (yes this assignment requires tests of the constructor) for LetteInventory?
6. complete the AnagramSolver and implement a recursive backtracking algorithm with the required efficiency improvements?
7. ensure your program matches the sample output file when run?
8. turn your Java source code files (LetterInventory.java, AnagramSolver.java, and AnagramFinderTester.java) to the proper GradeScope assignment before 11 pm, Thursday, March 21?

Specification:

The LetterInventory class: Implement a class to model a letter inventory. A letter inventory object stores the number of times each English letter, 'a' through 'z' occur in a word or phrase. So for example the letter inventory of the word "tall" is

1 a, 2 l's, and 1 t

The letter inventory for "Isabelle M. Scott!!" is

1 a, 1 b, 1 c, 2 e's, 1 i, 2 l's, 1 m, 1 o, 2 s's, and 2 t's

Notice the letter inventory ignores characters that are not English letters. Also notice that the letter inventory is case insensitive. "Isabelle M. Scott!!" has 2 s's.

Implement the LetterInventory class. You must use an array of ints to store the number of times each English letter occurs. The inventory is case insensitive so the length of the array will equal the length of the alphabet being used, in this case 26. Use a class constant for the value 26. The class keeps track of the total number of letters in the inventory so this value can be returned quickly without adding up all the individual counters.

Provide the following constructors and methods:

• a constructor that accepts a String. The precondition requires the String to not be null. A LetterInventory is constructed based on the String ignoring case. This method shall be no worse than O(N + M) where N is the number of characters in the String and M is the number of letters in the alphabet our LetterInventory is using. Recall you can test if a given character is a letter between 'a' and 'z' with the following boolean expression: 'a' <= ch && ch <= 'z'.
• a method named get that accepts a char and returns the frequency of that letter in this LetterInventory. The precondition requires that the char be an English letter. It may be an upper or lower case letter. The answer returned must be the same given the upper or lower case version of a letter. This method shall be O(1).
• a method named size that returns the total number of letters in this LetterInventory. This method shall be O(1).
• a method named isEmpty that returns true if the size of this LetterInventory is 0, false otherwise. This method shall be O(1) with respect to the size of the alphabet.
• a method named toString that returns a String representation of this LetterInventory. All letters in the inventory are listed in alphabetical order. For example if a LetterInventory is created from the String "tall" toString returns the String "allt". If a LetterInventory is created from the String "Isabelle M. Scott!!" the method returns the String "abceeillmosstt".
• a method named add with one parameter, another LetterInventory object. The method returns a new LetterInventory created by adding the frequencies from the calling LetterInventory object to the frequencies of the letters in the explicit parameter. The precondition requires that the LetterInventory sent as an explicit parameter not be null. The postcondition requires that neither the calling object or the explicit parameter are altered as a result of this method call. This method shall be O(M) where M is the number of letters in the alphabet our LetterInventory is using.
• a method named subtract with one parameter, another LetterInventory object. The methods returns a new LetterInventory object created by subtracting the letter frequencies of the explicit parameter from the calling object's (this) letter frequencies.
  
  So let1.subtract(let2) is analogous to let1 - let2
  
  If any of the resulting letter counts are less than 0 the method shall return null. the precondition requires the LetterInventory sent as an explicit parameter not be null. The post-condition requires that neither the calling object or the explicit parameter are altered as a result of this method call. This method shall be O(M) where M is the number of letters in the alphabet our LetterInventory is using.
• override [override, override, override! Do not overload equals. The parameter shall be of be Object.] the equals method from Object. Two LetterInventorys are equal if the frequency for each letter in the alphabet is the same.

You may add other private methods and constructors if you wish. Note, LetterInventory objects are immutable. There are no methods that alter a given LetterInventory object after it is created.

When you implement the anagram solver you will not use all of these methods, but you are required to complete the class. Your completed LetterInventory class must pass all of the tests in AnagramFindrerTester. You must add at least 2 tests per constructor and public method in LetterInventory to the AnagramFindrerTester class.

The Anagram Solver class: Now that you have a LetterInventory class to handle the low level details, implement a class to find all possible anagrams for a given phrase. (Realize that the legal anagrams for a phrase will vary based on what dictionary is used, the maximum number of words allowed in the anagram, and whether words can be repeated in the anagram or not.) For example the anagrams of "Isabelle Scott" using the dictionary in file d3.txt and a limit of no more than 2 words per anagram are:

best, oscillate
bestial, closet
bleat, solstice
blest, societal
closet, stabile
obstacle, stile
solstice, table

Note, there are two special cases your do not have to worry about.

• First, a given word or phrase is considered an anagram of itself if the word is in the dictionary. So "dog" is an anagram of "dog"
• Second, you may use words more than once in the anagram. So for example one of the anagrams of "dog dog" is "god god".

Provide the following for the AnagramSolver class:

• a public constructor that has one parameter, a Set<String>. (A set of strings.) The set contains the dictionary this AnagramSolver is to use when forming anagrams. This constructor creates and stores letter inventories for each element of the set. Store the original words in the dictionary and their corresponding letter inventories inside the AnagramSolver class. You want to be able to access the letter inventory of a given word quickly, therefore store each word and its associated LetterInventory in a Map.
  
  - your class must create the LetterInventorys for a given word in the dictionary exactly one time. (Doing it more than once is an inefficiency you must avoid in this assignment.)
  
  Although none of the provided dictionaries contain words of length 1 or 2, your program must be able to handle dictionaries that do. This isn't a special case, but in the past students have tried to optimize their code assuming there won't be any words of length 1 and then failed tests on dictionaries that contained words with a length of 1 or 2. I recommend adding words to the dictionary files of length 1 and 2 to test your program. You can share results of these tests on Piazza.
   
• a public method named getAnagrams that has two parameters: a String, and an int. The String is the target word or phrase and your method will form anagrams out of that word or phrase. The String sent as a parameter does not have to be in the AnagramSolver's dictionary. It may contain characters which must be ignored. (Recall this is handled by the LetterInventory class already.) The int parameter indicates the maximum number of words allowed in the anagrams of the given String. If the int is 0 there is no maximum number of words for the anagrams being formed. The precondition requires the String not be null and the String contain at least one English letter. The int parameter must be greater than or equal to 0.
  
  The method returns a List<List<String>>. In other words a List of Lists of Strings. List is a Java interface The ArrayList class implements the List interface so you could return an ArrayList<ArrayList<String>>. Don't alter the return type from List<List<String>>. Returning an  ArrayList<List<String>> will work because ArrayList is a kind of List. It implements the List interface. Note, you will create a variable of type ArrayList<List<String>> and add new variables of type ArrayList<String> to it.

You can and should add private helper methods as necessary to break the problem up into manageable parts. By way of comparison my AnagramSolver class, including a nested class for a Comparator, is roughly 135 lines including comments, blank lines and lines with a single brace.

 Finding the anagrams of a given String is a classic recursive backtracking problem similar to the N queens problem, the phone mnemonic problem, and the fair teams problem.  I think this problem is most similar to the phoneMnemonics problem from assignment 6. There are of course differences in the details, but the basic structure is quite similar.

You shall complete some preprocessing each time your anagram finding method is called. In most cases, many of the words in the dictionary cannot be part of an anagram for the given word or phrase. For example the word "queen" will not be in any anagram of "Isabelle Scott" because there is no 'q' in "Isabelle Scott". Likewise the word "casa' cannot be part of an anagram of "Isabelle Scott: because there are two 'a's in "casa" but only 1 'a'  in "Isabelle Scott". You will, of course, use the LetterInventory class to simplify the task of determining if a given word could possibly be part of an anagram. (The subtract method is VERY useful.)

Creating this smaller list of words from the dictionary (we can access the corresponding LetterInventories from our original map that is an instance variable) shall not alter the AnagramSolver's main dictionary. Once this smaller list of words is created you are ready to carry out the recursive backtracking method to find all anagrams of the given String. I recommend using the smaller list of words as your "choices" for the recursive step.

You can also improve your efficiency by virtually shrinking the dictionary of possible words as your proceed deeper into the recursion. I don't not recommend trying to actually shrink the dictionary at each step.

Note that the returned List<List<String>> must have the following properties:

• The words in a particular anagram are in sorted order
• The list does not contain duplicate anagrams
• The list of anagrams is sorted with anagrams with the fewest words coming first. In other words all anagrams with 1 word come before all of the anagrams with 2 words which come before all the anagrams with 3 words and so forth. Also, the anagrams with the same number of words are sorted based on the Strings within the anagram. Refer to the sample output for examples.

Accomplishing all that sorting can be a chore. You might try to do it as you go or simply wait until you have found all the anagrams and then process it. The second option may be a cleaner solution, because it separates the recursive backtracking from the sorting. You are free to use methods from the Collections class (not the Collection interface, the Collections class. With an s. The Collections class contains a number of static methods that perform common task on various kinds of Collection objects.) to make this easier as well as other data structures.

Initially there is no way to sort a list of anagrams. Lists and ArrayLists are not Comparable. One approach would be to create a class that implements the Comparator interface. The Comparator interface allows you to define how two objects should be compared if they are not Comparable. You will need a separate class, but don't put in in a separate file. Instead, you can make your class that implements the Comparator interface a nested class, similar to the iterators you have implemented, except this class will be declared static because it doesn't need to know about the outer class.

public class AnagramSolver {
    // code for AnagramSolver

    // example of a nested class
    private static class AnagramComparator implements Comparator<List<String>> {
        public int compare(List<String> a1, List<String> a2) {
            // code for compare
        }
    } // end of AnagramComparator

} // end of AnagramSolver class

The compare method for the Comparator interface is similar to the compareTo method for Comparable. If a1 is "less than" a2 return a negative int. If a1 "equals" a2 return 0. If a1 is "greater than" a2 return a positive int.

When you create a class that implements the Comparator interface correctly you can call the sort method in the Collections class that takes in a list and a comparator to sort the List of Lists of Strings.

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